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The Inner Mongolia prairie with optimized net fence is pleasing to the eye. (data picture)

Net fence before optimization in Inner Mongolia grassland. Economic Daily reporter Yu Jianshe

　　On the vast grassland in Inner Mongolia, barbed wire and cement piles can be seen everywhere. The net fence used to be a scientific means to use grassland in an orderly way. With the passage of time, it has also brought the problem of grassland fragmentation. Is the net fence out of date? How to adjust and optimize? It is another year of spring grass green, and the reporter of Economic Daily went into the depths of the grassland to find the answer.

　　Driving from Damaoqi City, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia to Subuda’s home, you have to take a grassland path. "Come in from the intersection, and the fourth net fence with a door is our home." Subuda told reporters on the phone. Along the way, after a short walk, we have to get off and open the door of the net fence, and the local drivers in the same industry are also very helpless.

　　This situation is very common in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia. In 1984, Inner Mongolia took the lead in implementing the responsibility system of "double contract for grass and livestock", and in 1989, it implemented the "two rights and one system" to implement the responsibility system of grassland ownership, use right and contract management. After 2000, in order to control grassland degradation, the state began to implement key projects of grassland protection and construction, such as enclosure projects. Today, 400 million mu of grassland in Inner Mongolia has been cut into tens of thousands of fences by barbed wire and cement piles, accounting for 40% of the total available area.

　　Nowadays, China’s grassland has entered a new stage of strengthening protection and restoration, and the production, life and development requirements of herders have changed. Is there a better solution for grassland management?

　　Net fences everywhere

　　Subuda’s home is in Gacha, Sumuge Rile Aodu, Bayin Aobao, Damaoqi. He started grazing at the age of 14 and has more than 6,000 mu of grassland at home. "In the past, there was no net fence around the grassland, and one household was connected to another. At most, everyone surrounded a small part of their own grassland for rotational grazing. Later, after the grassland began to be contracted to households, everyone gradually began to build fences and surrounded their own pastures. " Subuda said that the main purpose of building the net fence is to ensure that the livestock of each family stay in each pasture and will not run around. "With the net fence, the labor intensity of our livestock care is obviously reduced. In addition, the net fence can also avoid the loss of cattle and sheep. "

　　"There is a voice that the net fence will hinder the migration of wild animals and the spread of grass seeds, affecting the diversity of animals and plants, but I think the impact is limited." Manli, deputy director of the Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Xilinhot City, Xilingol League, said, "For a long time, the net fence has played an effective role in protecting the grassland: one is to prevent some people from digging medicinal materials and sending vegetables to the grassland, and the other is to prevent cars from being crushed on the grassland."

　　As the largest pastoral area in China, the construction of grassland fences in Inner Mongolia can be roughly divided into three stages: first, before the reform and opening up, in order to make better use of grassland pastures in pastoral areas and develop animal husbandry, pastoral areas represented by Xianghuang Banner and Wushen Banner began to build grass kulun, and local materials were used to build simple fences with wood and stones, which were convenient for weeding and keeping in captivity. Second, in the early days of reform and opening-up, with the gradual implementation of the policy of "double contract for grass and livestock", some herders began to spontaneously build family-based grass cullens for demarcation and weeding in order to protect their own grasslands. Third, after 2000, in order to effectively control grassland degradation, the state has successively implemented key projects of grassland protection and construction, such as the control of sandstorm sources in Beijing and Tianjin and the project of returning grazing to grassland. At present, the total construction area of grassland fences in Inner Mongolia is more than 400 million mu, of which 280 million mu has been built through national projects.

　　"Overall, the merits are greater than the demerits" is the unanimous view of many industry experts on the net fence. At the beginning of grassland contracting to households, there was no large-scale net fence, but the grassland was bounded and grazing was unbounded, and livestock could move around everywhere. The phenomenon that livestock ate grassland "big pot rice", large farmers "ate small households" and livestock households "ate" no livestock households could be seen everywhere. Through the construction of grassland fence, herdsmen have truly realized effective control over the contracted management right of grassland, fundamentally solved the border dispute of herdsmen’s grassland and promoted the definition of the right to use. This also mobilized the enthusiasm of herders for animal husbandry production, and made more rational use of the grassland in the fence, thus promoting the balanced production of contracted grassland. Each family’s grassland has formed a relatively closed small environment through grassland fences, which has played an isolation role for sporadic punctate animal epidemics in the surrounding herdsmen. In addition, driven by the project of returning grazing to grassland and controlling sand source, the vegetation in the project area has been restored and the ecology has been obviously improved.

　　However, due to the lack of scientific planning and overall consideration, some grassland fences are too high, too dense and gridded, which not only affects herders’ travel, but also causes injuries to large livestock such as camels, and disabilities to small livestock such as lambs and calves. It also has a certain impact on the normal foraging, drinking, migration and survival of wild animals. In addition, the ubiquitous net fences have also destroyed the natural beauty of the prairie to a certain extent. The fence that has been in disrepair for those years is hung with hay such as Shapong and white garbage blown by strong wind, which is very dazzling in the green field.

　　In Wu Enqi’s memory, the grassland as a child had no fence and was boundless and green. "When I was a child, we went to the Dongshan Mountain in Beligutai Town to hide and seek. The grass can keep the children tight." The vice-captain of the comprehensive administrative law enforcement team of natural resources in Abaga Banner of Xilin Gol League said that the implementation of "double contract for grass and livestock" could not determine the border without the fence, but the fence separated the grassland and separated people’s hearts. "I used to go to the herdsmen’s house to eat meat, drink wine, and even go to his sheepfold to catch a sheep. The simple herdsmen didn’t blink. Nowadays, even if cattle and sheep eat one more bite of grass from their neighbor’s pasture, they will never let them. In recent years, most of the disputes I have dealt with are pasture disputes. Sometimes, in order to move the fence for two or three meters, even the brothers turned against each other. " Unqi said.

　　Optimization first does "addition"

　　Standing in Manglai Gacha Highland, I can’t see the net fence, but the white clouds are like floc and the Mu Ye is boundless, which makes people want to use this new grassland scenery that has restored its original ecology as computer desktop wallpaper. Manglai Gacha is located by the beautiful Krulun River, where the "Manglai Model" was born. Inner Mongolia regards Xinbaerhuyouqi as one of the first two pilot counties for the modernization of pastoral areas, and Xinbaerhuyouqi takes Manglai Gacha as one of the first pilot counties in the whole banner.

　　"The first thing to optimize the net fence is to do ‘ Addition ’ Integrate the scattered operations of herders and set up cooperatives. " Mijige Dorg, secretary of the Party branch of Kerun Sumumulai Mangcha in Xinbaerhu Right Banner and chairman of Manglai Herdsmen’s Sheep Cooperative, said that with the development of productive forces and the improvement of environmental awareness, herders realized that it was better to restore a net fence of "painting land as a prison" to a contiguous grassland and find a "leader" for decentralized management. The cooperative set out to merge pasture and herd.

　　In the past two years, 88 of the 115 households in Manglai Gacha have joined the cooperative, integrating 390,000 mu of grassland and more than 5,800 heads of livestock in Gacha, merging into 9 flocks, 1 herd of horses and 1 herd, and adjusting and optimizing the net fence for more than 92,000 meters. There are 51 gacha in Xinbaerhuyouqi, and the "Manglai Model" has been popularized in 11 gacha.

　　"When a herdsman runs a family, the size of the flock is not large. Each family has to hire a shepherd, buy a set of animal husbandry machinery and drill a deep well, which costs a lot." One of the sheep’s "group leader", Ari Dencang, used to be a poor household with a file. Now he and his wife have more than 1,000 sheep. Last year, their net income reached 110,000 yuan, and they paid off their loans and took off their poverty hats. "The establishment of cooperatives and the opening of net fences have made the grazing grassland bigger. The grass by the river, the grass on the grassland and the grass in the autumn camp are different. What kind of grass do cattle and sheep eat in what season? The four seasons are divided into four seasons, and the pasture is becoming more and more beautiful, the flock is getting bigger and bigger, and the income is getting higher and higher. "

　　Abaga Banner is one of the first experimental sites for modernization of pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia, and it is also actively optimizing the grassland fence. Since last year, the fence optimization project of not less than 80,000 mu has been implemented in 15 pilot sites. Hunger Gaole Town Phaeton Xili natural grassland has become a typical local grid connection. "According to the requirements of the modernization development of pastoral areas, we have optimized the inter-household net fences of 700 herders with Gacha as a unit, turning small nets into large nets, solving the problems of fragmented and decentralized management of herders and low efficiency, and effectively improving the comprehensive utilization efficiency of grassland." Alatan Baoriqige, mayor of Gaole Town, hunger, introduced that grazing is prohibited all year round when the grassland is mowed, and the mechanism of "unified management, unified management and unified mowing" is established. After enclosure, the overall height, coverage and grass yield of high-quality forage plants such as Leymus chinensis, Stipa Stipa and Artemisia frigida have increased year by year. In 2020, the grass yield will reach about 60 million kilograms, accounting for one-third of the total grass storage in the whole flag. Optimizing the net fence and banning grazing all year round also promoted the development of grassland tourism industry, promoted the organic integration of "three industries", and the radiation led to an average income increase of 17 thousand yuan for the surrounding herdsmen.

　　On the grassland in Jinmen Gacha, Wugaishumu, Urad Houqi, Bayannaoer City, except for the fence on the side of National Highway 242, the fence on the opposite side and both sides can no longer be seen. "This is part of the pilot project of ecological restoration of degraded grassland by artificial grass planting in Urad Houqi, covering an area of more than 90,000 mu. Since last year, enclosure and grazing prohibition have been implemented. At that time, we followed the principle of building a large net fence to ensure a complete and independent ecosystem. At present, the ecological restoration of this grassland is in good condition, and Caragana korshinskii is already very dense. " Yang Shiping, deputy director of the Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Urad Houqi, said that the "addition" of building a large net fence here is the pilot project of ecological restoration of artificial grass planting in degraded grassland.

　　The pilot project of ecological restoration of degraded grassland by artificial grass planting is mainly aimed at grassland degradation and desertification. Meadow grassland, typical grassland and desert grassland are selected as pilot areas to explore and summarize the comprehensive management technology and new management model combining artificial restoration and natural restoration, and put forward a package of solutions for grassland ecological restoration and management in Inner Mongolia and even the whole country in the future. In August 2019, Inner Mongolia approved the implementation plan of the national pilot project of artificial grass planting ecological restoration in degraded grasslands, of which Bayannaoer City has a construction task of 560,000 mu, with a total investment of 100 million yuan and a construction period of 3 years. Focus on ecological restoration and vegetation restoration of pastures that are moderately and severely degraded and desertified due to overgrazing, and integrate innovation and demonstration of key technologies in pilot areas, and carry out monitoring and evaluation of the benefits of ecological restoration projects.

　　Zhang Bin, chief of grassland supervision and management section of Bayannaoer Forestry and Grassland Bureau, said that the key area of fragmentation control is in eastern Inner Mongolia, which is a typical grassland area and meadow grassland area, and there is a big difference between control and non-control. In Bayannaoer area, most of them are desertification and semi-desertification grasslands, and the key point is to manage livestock well. "The net fence left in the past has been in disrepair for many years, but no one has taken the initiative to deal with it, which involves the cost. Now people’s understanding of the fence has also changed, and they no longer engage in small net fences, but they have to fence in large scale. Especially in recent years, ecological restoration has been implemented, which is basically a large net fence of tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of acres. " Zhang Bin said.

　　Upgrading focuses on empowerment.

　　In Gacha, Alateng Hang Gai, Beligutai Town, Abaga Banner, it is worth mentioning that herder Buzigude optimized the net fence. Twenty years ago, when the pasture came to the household, Ji Rentai, a model worker of Xilin Gol League, gathered his eldest son Tegus, his second son Deliger and his youngest son Buzigude together to hold a family meeting and plan the family ranch: separate the livestock, but not the ranch — — Only large net fences are used to enclose the grasslands of the three families for accurate rotational grazing.

　　The three brothers integrated their own 19,458 mu of grassland with the leased 5,000 mu of grassland, and established the family ranch "Shangdu Baolige" in Abaga Banner. Instead of fencing by family, they only divided the areas according to their functions, and outlined the summer camp, autumn camp and winter camp with net fences, and grazing in rotation all seasons. Brezhgood introduced that in order to reduce the trampling of livestock hooves, the three brothers also took the initiative to adjust the herd structure, reducing sheep and increasing cattle. "A cow is converted into five sheep units, and the income from raising 100 cows is worth raising 500 sheep. There are only 400 hooves for 100 cows, and the big hooves do little damage to the grassland. There are 2,000 hooves in 500 sheep, and small hooves have great damage to grassland. "

　　Five years ago, there were 1,000 sheep and 50 cows in Buzigude, and the income in that year was 200,000 yuan. Now, the number of cattle in Buzigude has increased to 100, and the number of sheep has been reduced to 200, with an annual income of 600,000 yuan.

　　Like the family ranch, the joint operation has also optimized and upgraded the net fence. Maodeng Ranch, 36 kilometers away from Xilinhot, is a state-owned farm, with an available grassland area of 740,000 mu and a total of 44,000 livestock. It is the largest fully enclosed grassland ecological protection zone in China, and employees have a strong desire to protect the ecology and increase their income. Xilinhot City has put the standardization of net fence construction and the implementation of the precision pilot of grass and livestock balance in Maodeng Ranch.

　　The second branch of Maodeng Ranch plans to integrate nine herdsman pastures, led by herdsman Xiao Junsheng, and plans to implement a balance of 17,000 mu of grass and livestock. Mary specially went to his home to deploy the pilot work. "In the past, we talked about heroes by the number of livestock, and animal husbandry was ‘ Animal husbandry ’ . Now press ‘ Livestock ’ Evaluation turn to press ‘ Grass ’ Evaluation, animal husbandry turn ‘ Grass and animal husbandry ’ , to grass livestock. The optimization of the net fence has also been upgraded from the past fixed fence to the mobile electronic fence. " According to Mary, the fixed fence costs 30 yuan for every 1m extension, while the movable fence costs only 10 yuan, so one person can move. With the movable fence, herders can enclose, delimit and rotate grazing at any time according to the situation of grassland, and the grassland will definitely improve. Real-time monitoring of grassland can raise more livestock, breaking through the theoretical carrying capacity approved in the past five years.

　　In Xilin Gol League, the degree of organization of animal husbandry is constantly improving. From family farms to joint management, and then to animal husbandry cooperatives, the net fence has been continuously upgraded and optimized, and herders are increasingly looking down on it. In Aolun Prague Gacha, Beligutai Town, Abaga Banner, the Hugegejile Cooperative was established. The stock ratio was determined by the number of cattle and sheep, and the grassland of the members who joined the cooperative was uniformly leased, and the production and operation were booming. Now the scale effect is beginning to show, the bargaining power of selling cattle and sheep and buying forage grass has increased, the expenditure of hiring shepherds has decreased, and the scale of loan credit has expanded, with dividends of more than 1.5 million yuan.

　　"Aolun Prague is ‘ Multiple springs ’ Meaning of. In recent years, I feel that if we want to make the herdsmen’s wealth spring flow fully, we can’t do without concerted efforts. Cooperative economy is the general trend, ‘ Tertiary industry ’ Integration is the precise direction. " Narisu, secretary of the party branch of Gacha, Aolun Prague, recalled that one of the starting points of their work as 17 neighboring herders was to adjust the small network of one household and build a unified large network of cooperatives. However, due to the inconsistent level of understanding and the difficulty in determining the shareholding ratio, the number of members who joined the community did not meet expectations, and the grassland could not achieve centralized contiguous. "Now we have launched ‘ I have a cow in the pastoral area ’ Activities, the realization of the national consumer traceability generation. The registered Oasis Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd. engages in product distribution for the local leading enterprise Erdun Meat Industry. Members are engaged in short-term fattening in the factory, and the income is not bad. Now the herdsmen’s eyes bound by the net fence have already expanded to the online, to the workshop and to the county. " Sue said that day.

　　The grassland area of Xilin Gol League is 192,000 square kilometers, of which the usable grassland area is 180,000 square kilometers. Recently, the local authorities have put forward the measures and ideas to optimize the net fence in the next step: First, adjust the industrial structure and give full play to the positive role of the net fence. Develop moderate scale management through the circulation of grassland contractual management rights, and develop family pastures and professional breeding cooperatives on the basis of grass-fixed livestock and grass-livestock balance to promote the transformation of production and management methods, thus improving the grassland ecological environment. Second, moderately integrate fences and implement rotational grazing. Through the construction of fenced forage base, the grassland is divided into several grazing areas to promote the growth and breeding of grassland vegetation in the way of rotation of use and maintenance. At the same time, we will continue to strengthen the construction of grassland fences and sheds, and promote the grassland animal husbandry to shift from natural grazing to house feeding and semi-house feeding. The third is to scientifically arrange wildlife habitats. In the important distribution areas of wild animals, biological corridors between biodiversity reserves and nature reserves, broken wildlife habitats and original places, round-trip roads and activity channels for wild animals are opened.

1905 movie network news "Vivid images of all living beings make us feel the unique charm of that era", "When a few simple lines in the history books turn into emotional images, this is definitely the most exciting movie for me this year", and the film is currently being shown in the whole country. This film is based on the grand pattern of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China leaders’ strategizing in Xiangshan in 1949, which not only shaped the leaders’ daily life, but also invented a group of little people with distinctive personalities. This "drama processing" of history has also won the praise of many young audiences. "There are many highlights in the life of great people, and the integration of small people is just right. Watching movies has made me interested in the history of that period."

Yesterday (September 24th), the film won the single-day box office champion, and now it has accumulated more than 63 million box office, including 7.0 points for Douban, 9.2 points for Cat’s Eye and 9.1 points for Taobao Film, which is the highest rated film on the ticketing platform in the same period!

　

Little people add luster to the great history　 　They are also the pioneers of the new China.

"Whether writing real history or writing big people, I like to start with small people, life details and relationship between people, so that there is a play!" Screenwriter He Jiping believes that no matter how grand the history is, it needs to be told through characters.

In order to make the story more interesting, the film specially created a series of lifelike little people around a generation of leader Mao Zedong. Chen Youfu, a security guard played by Johnny, consistently defended Chairman Mao’s safety and explained loyalty with persistence; Meng Yu, an announcer played by Claudia, broadcasts important news again and again and spreads the good news of victory to the whole country; Tian Erqiao, the most "tear-jerking" film, charged on the battlefield, showing the heroic attitude of young people fighting for their beliefs 70 years ago. These characters have more vitality under the background of history, and they have also entered everyone’s hearts. The audience commented: "These little people are actually the epitome of hundreds of millions of China people in 1949, and they also contributed to the birth of the new China."

In addition, under the ingenious thinking of screenwriter He Jiping, the fate of these little people is also closely related to the changes of the times, which plays an important role in promoting the plot. For example, Meng Yu’s first radio broadcast in her life was to announce the arrival of Chairman Mao in Peiping. The appearance of "Common Program" was not expressed by the reading at a formal meeting, but the plot of Meng Yu’s live broadcast at Shuangqing Villa at the invitation of Chairman Mao. Using characters to connect the nodes of the times in series, the audience also gave praise to such elaborate design, praising the film "let every character become a witness of history."

Revealing the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s first stop in Beijing to "catch the exam"　 　Young audience: Xiangshan is so important.

"I didn’t expect that Xiangshan not only had red leaves, but also left a great figure of the older generation of revolutionaries commanding the liberation war to national victory." Through "The Decisive Moment", many viewers also learned more about Xiangshan, a revolutionary holy land and a series of great events experienced by the founders of the Republic here. As the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s first stop in Peiping, Xiangshan witnessed the leaders of the CPC Central Committee headed by Mao Zedong meeting with Democrats here, directing the battle of crossing the river, and preparing for the meeting of the New Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and founding ceremony, which was of great significance to the final victory of the new democratic revolution and the founding of New China. The film’s concentrated display of this period of history and vivid portrayal of Chairman Mao and other figures also gave young people who grew up in the new era an opportunity to touch and understand history. "After watching the film, they gained knowledge and knew the irreplaceable historical position of Xiangshan."

On November 15th, at the 2024 Guangzhou Auto Show, which opened today, Dongfeng Warriors announced that the 917 officially modified model "Highland Lion" was listed, with a guide price of 699,000 yuan, which is 61,300 more expensive than the extended range basic version.

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The car expands a brand-new space, and the individual towing scheme is freely selected. The maximum towing mass of the towing system is 2500kg, and it can supply 12V power to the towed equipment.

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　　In order to thoroughly implement the important work arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on promoting the healthy development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and to implement the "321" work system for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, China Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Development Promotion Center, China Newspaper Association, China Small and Medium-sized Enterprises International Cooperation Association and Tongjing Group Co., Ltd. will collect outstanding works on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises nationwide every year from 2020, organize well-known experts and scholars in the media field and the work field of small and medium-sized enterprises to review the collected outstanding works, and release them to the whole society.

　　The main contents of the second "National Campaign for Collection and Release of Excellent Works for SME Development Publicity and Reporting" in 2021 are announced as follows:

　　I. Guiding ideology

　　Implement the spirit of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Law on the Promotion of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and the Guiding Opinions of the State Council of China on Promoting the Healthy Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, focus on "creating a better development environment and promoting the high-quality development of small and medium-sized enterprises", give full play to the exemplary role of publicizing and reporting excellent works, and promote the news media to more actively publicize the principles and policies of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises; Guide journalists and media practitioners to continuously improve the breadth, depth, quality and level of publicity and reporting on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises; Comprehensively enhance the communication, guidance and influence of the propaganda work of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, and create a more favorable public opinion environment for the high-quality development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China.

　　Second, the scope of collection

　　The scope of collection is the propaganda and reporting works on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises published by provincial and above news media units, such as newspapers (newspaper groups), news agencies, radio stations, television stations, news websites and new media centers, which are officially approved by the state and sponsored by news propaganda departments and news units.

　　Excellent works of national publicity and reporting on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises must be original by the above media units, written and produced by news propagandists and media practitioners, and published and broadcast from September 1, 2020 to August 31, 2021.

　　Third, the collection standard

　　Focusing on the key work of small and medium-sized enterprises, such as "three areas: policy system, service system and development environment for small and medium-sized enterprises, alleviating the two key points of financing difficulties and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of small and medium-sized enterprises, and improving the innovation ability and specialization level of small and medium-sized enterprises", we actively publicize the principles and policies of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and fully demonstrate the great achievements of China’s small and medium-sized enterprises in their development and growth. Deeply reflect the deep-seated contradictions and difficulties faced by the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, vigorously promote small and medium-sized enterprises to take the road of innovation and development, and fully report the effective practices and typical experiences adopted by local departments and the whole society to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

　　(a) the correct orientation, clear theme, true content, innovation, strong news, strong timeliness; Go deep into the grassroots, be good at digging, analyze deeply, highlight practicality and theory, promote problem solving, and have good social response.

　　(two) the same genre report of the same event, under the same conditions, the first time of the work is preferred.

　　(three) the same work published in different media, submitted by the first media.

　　Fourth, the direction of collection

　　This activity focuses on collecting outstanding works for publicity and reporting in the following directions:

　　(1) All localities and departments strive to build a "321" working system for small and medium-sized enterprises, implement the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Promotion Law, the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises issued by the State Council of China, and the Opinions on Improving the System of Supporting the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises issued by 17 departments including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, constantly improve the policy system, formulate relevant supporting policies, and promote the effective practices in the process of high-quality development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

　　(2) All localities and departments shall establish and improve the public service system for small and medium-sized enterprises, promote market-oriented professional services, explore and develop voluntary services for small and medium-sized enterprises, and have effective practices and typical experiences in enhancing service depth, optimizing service content, innovating service methods, improving service quality and deepening service effectiveness.

　　(3) Effective practices and typical experiences of various localities and departments in optimizing the development environment of small and medium-sized enterprises and improving the market environment, the rule of law environment, the financing environment, the innovation environment and the policy environment.

　　(4) All localities and departments have made efforts to alleviate the financing difficulties and expensive financing problems of SMEs. Effective practices and typical experiences in actively implementing the financial policy of benefiting small and micro enterprises, promoting the increase of credit supply to small and micro enterprises, expanding the benefits of the first loan, credit loan and non-repayment of loans, improving the financing guarantee for small and micro enterprises, broadening the direct financing channels for small and medium-sized enterprises, and strengthening the listing cultivation of high-quality small and medium-sized enterprises.

　　(5) All localities and departments have strengthened the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of small and medium-sized enterprises, implemented the Regulations on the Protection of Payment for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, protected the intellectual property rights of small and medium-sized enterprises and the right to participate in market competition fairly according to law, protected the personal rights and property rights of entrepreneurs according to law, rectified the arbitrary charges related to enterprises, and handled the complaints of enterprises in a timely and effective manner.

　　(6) All localities and departments are improving the innovation ability and specialization level of small and medium-sized enterprises, and cultivating and serving "specialized and innovative" small and medium-sized enterprises, "little giant" enterprises and individual champions; Effective practices and typical experiences in guiding and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises to take the road of "specialization and innovation" in terms of system and mechanism, finance and taxation, and service for scientific and technological talents, and supporting the development of scientific and technological small and medium-sized enterprises.

　　(seven) all localities and departments to promote the core enterprises of the industrial chain supply chain to promote the innovation and win-win development of upstream and downstream small and medium-sized enterprises, and promote the development of large and medium-sized enterprises.

　　V. Soliciting projects

　　This activity is aimed at collecting original works from newspapers, news agencies, radio, television, online media, mobile terminals, etc. News, communication and in-depth reports, series (continuous/combined) reports, comments, news topic, news interviews and other genres can participate in the evaluation.

　　VI. Ways of collection

　　(1) Each media governing unit of the China Newspaper Association Organization Association recommended to submit 2 works.

　　(2) China Newspaper Association organized newspaper associations of all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) to recommend two works submitted by provincial-level (autonomous regions and municipalities) newspapers, radio stations, television stations and online media.

　　(3) China SME Development Promotion Center organized other central key news media units to recommend and submit two works each.

　　(4) The China SME Development Promotion Center organizes the SME Development Promotion Centers of all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) to recommend and submit one work reflecting the development of SMEs in this region.

　　VII. Composition of the Review Committee

　　A special judging committee composed of authoritative experts and scholars in the fields of news media and small and medium-sized enterprises is responsible for the selection of outstanding works for publicity and reporting.

　　Eight, the selection focus

　　The expert review committee will focus on the following nine kinds of excellent news reports reflecting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises:

　　(a) improve the SME policy system to publicize and report outstanding works;

　　(two) to optimize the development environment of small and medium-sized enterprises to publicize and report outstanding works;

　　(three) to enhance the public service of small and medium-sized enterprises to publicize and report outstanding works;

　　(four) outstanding works of propaganda and reporting to solve the financing problems of small and medium-sized enterprises;

　　(five) to strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of small and medium-sized enterprises to publicize and report outstanding works;

　　(six) to promote the special development of small and medium-sized enterprises to publicize and report outstanding works;

　　(seven) to promote the development of large, medium and small enterprises;

　　(eight) to support the scientific and technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises to publicize and report outstanding works;

　　(nine) comprehensive publicity and reporting of outstanding works;

　　Finally, 100 outstanding works were selected and announced to the whole society.

　　IX. Timetable

　　(1) Solicitation stage: August 20th to September 20th, 2021.

　　Announced to the whole society through the central media, China Newspaper Association and China SME Development Promotion Center respectively issued solicitation notices to the boards of directors of China Newspaper Association, member units of relevant news media, newspaper associations of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, central key news websites and SME Development Promotion Centers of all provinces and municipalities. The above-mentioned units will submit the recommended works to the executive office of "National Collection and Release Activities for Excellent Works of SME Development Publicity and Reporting" before September 20, 2021.

　　(2) Review stage: September 25th to November 15th, 2021.

　　Before November 15th, the review committee completed the review of outstanding works of publicity and reporting, and completed the public announcement in late November.

　　(3) Release stage: mid-December 2021

　　The organizer will hold an event ceremony during the 2021APEC SME Business Forum in mid-December, officially release the results of the second "National SME Development Publicity and Reporting Excellent Works Collection and Release Activity", announce the finalists, and reward journalists and editors.

　　X. Submission requirements

　　Works must be submitted in strict accordance with the requirements before the deadline (September 20, 2021) (subject to the local postmark), and will not be accepted after the deadline. The details are as follows:

　　(a) the recommending units shall fill in a copy of the "Second National Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Development Publicity and Reporting Excellent Works Collection Recommendation Form" (Annex), affix the official seal of the unit and submit it in the name of the unit. Each unit can submit 2 entries, and fill them in the recommended order. Overreported works will not be accepted.

　　(2) Format standard

　　Each recommending unit shall send the recommendation form and the scanned PDF of the recommended works and the word manuscript of the publicity report works (which must be consistent with the published contents) in duplicate to China SME Development Promotion Center by express delivery. The electronic version of all materials must be sent to chinasme2020@163.com mailbox. Please use the format of "author+company+category+title" for the naming of email subject and works word manuscript. Please print the paper version on A4 paper. The title of the word manuscript is Song Style No.2, the text is Song Style No.3, and the line spacing is 27 pounds.

　　Xi. Delivery requirements

　　(1) All materials for participating in the solicitation should be sent by express delivery to avoid delay or loss.

　　(two) to submit before the deadline, fails to report as a waiver.

　　(III) Mailing address: China SME Development Promotion Center, Room 1111, Fenglan International Building A, No.32 Xizhimen North Street, Haidian District, Beijing.

　　Postal code: 100082

　　Email: chinasme2020@163.com

　　Contact person:

　　China Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Development Promotion Center Zhang Yongming Feng Dengning

　　010–82292072　　18611208561 / 18591808818

　　China Newspaper Association Xu Wenjun Yuan Zhong

　　010–65363134　　13511052576 / 139102167

　　Attachment: Recommendation Form for Collection of Excellent Works for the Second National Publicity Report on the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises.

　　The organizer warmly welcomes the national news media, SME service agencies and the vast number of news propagandists to actively participate in the second "National Collection and Release of Excellent Works on SME Development Publicity and Reporting" and jointly contribute to the development of SMEs in China!

　　China small-and-medium-sized enterprises development promotion center

　　china newspaper association

　　August 20, 2021

attachment

The second national publicity report on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises

Collection and recommendation form for outstanding works

　　Remarks: The categories of works include ① excellent works of propaganda and reporting to improve the SME policy system; (2) optimizing the development environment of small and medium-sized enterprises to publicize and report outstanding works; (3) to promote the publicity and reporting of excellent works on public services of SMEs; (4) excellent works of propaganda and reporting to solve the financing problems of small and medium-sized enterprises; ⑤ Strengthen the publicity and reporting of excellent works for the protection of the rights and interests of SMEs; ⑥ Publicizing and reporting excellent works to promote the specialized and new development of small and medium-sized enterprises; ⑦ Publicizing and reporting excellent works to promote the financing and development of large, medium and small enterprises; (8) Supporting the scientific and technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises to publicize and report outstanding works; Pet-name ruby comprehensive publicity report outstanding works. There are nine categories, just fill in the serial number.

In 2023, the pharmaceutical market in China is changing rapidly. MNC also deeply felt this radical change, and rewrote their scripts one after another, each adapting to the rules of the China market with a more flexible strategy and an open attitude. The final performance confirmed the effectiveness of these changes, and the income of seven MNCs in China district increased uniformly. Merck won with a revenue of 6.71 billion US dollars, and Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Lilly all achieved double-digit growth. In terms of proportion, AstraZeneca is still the MNC with the highest proportion of global revenue in China.

　

Revenue and proportion of seven MNCs in China in 2023 (USD 100 million)

　

　

Note: 1) The revenues of Merck and Roche only include pharmaceutical business; 2) Average exchange rate in 2023: 1 euro =1.0935 USD, 1 Swiss franc =1.1177 USD, 1 Danish kroner =0.1454 USD; 3) The increase is calculated at the fixed exchange rate (CER)

　

Looking at the timeline, an indisputable fact is emerging — — Although the China performance of the above pharmaceutical giants all increased in 2023, except Merck, the growth momentum of most players is not so rapid.

　

Revenue of 7 MNCs in China from 2019 to 2023 (USD 100 million)

　

　

In the past five years, the bonus of AstraZeneca’s performance in China to its global revenue has also weakened, as has Novo Nordisk; The proportion of Merck’s performance in China showed an upward trend, while the proportion of income in other MNCs in China stabilized at 5-10%.

　

Revenue proportion of seven MNCs in China from 2019 to 2023 (%)

　

　

Correspondingly, in the face of the ups and downs of the industry, pharmaceutical giants have to constantly adjust their development models in China, and find a path that is more suitable for them and the local market. As a result, the organizational structure and business lines have changed to varying degrees, and the integration and reconstruction are bound to go through a painful period.

　

At the same time, with the iterative evolution of China’s innovation ecosystem, the positioning of multinational pharmaceutical companies in China is also changing. In their eyes, China has become not only a key consumer market, but also an important source of innovation. On the one hand, the giants step by step deepen the global synchronous R&D strategy, and strive for the new drug "zero time difference" to land in China, and even China; On the other hand, through BD, equity investment and even wholly-owned acquisition, they constantly absorb China’s innovation, thus empowering global innovation.

　

Products are the foundation of our existence.

　

The report card handed over by Merck is particularly shining. Its pharmaceutical business income was US$ 53.583 billion, and China contributed US$ 6.71 billion, accounting for 12.5% of the total, up 32% year-on-year, making it the best-performing multinational pharmaceutical company in China in 2023.

　

Merck won this honor without the help of the king fried product Gardasil/Gardail9, an HPV vaccine. The global sales of Gardasil/Gardail9 products have reached 8.886 billion US dollars, and the growth rate is also high, reaching 29%. Merck mentioned that this was especially due to the strong demand in China.

　

According to the database of Medical Rubik’s Cube, there are five types of HPV vaccines approved for marketing in China, namely Gardasil(4 valence, 2014) and Gardail9(9 valence, 2018) of Merck, Cervarix(2 valence, 2016) of GSK, Xinkening (2 valence, 2019) of Wan Tai Bio and Wozehui (2 valence, 2019) of Zerun Bio.

　

After Gardail9 was expanded from 16-26 years old to 9-45 years old, domestic vaccine companies have felt the intimidation of Merck. Recently, Wan Tai Bio released a pre-reduction announcement for its performance in 2023, indicating that its revenue from bivalent cervical cancer vaccine decreased by about 4.2 billion yuan year-on-year due to factors such as the aging of 9-valent cervical cancer vaccine.

　

Gardail9 was also approved by China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in January, 2024, adding a two-dose vaccination program for women aged 9-14. The vaccination cost of Gardail9 in Merck in major public hospitals in China is 1331 yuan/needle. Compared with 3 needles, 2 needles vaccination is undoubtedly a more economical and convenient choice for the audience, which reduces its vaccination cost and is also conducive to Merck’s speeding up the domestic HPV vaccine market.

　

Robert M. Davis, head of Merck, said that there is a huge market for HPV vaccine in China, and it is estimated that there are still about 120-130 million urban women who meet the vaccination conditions. In addition, most local competitors enter the last-tier cities, and the target population is different from them. Therefore, he thinks that Gardasil/Gardail9 will still achieve long-term growth in the China market in the future. However, a variable that can not be ignored is that a number of domestic 9-valent HPV vaccines have entered the phase III clinical stage, or will join the market battle in the next year.

　

Although AstraZeneca lost to Merck in the performance competition, it is still the MNC with the highest proportion of global revenue in China, and AstraZeneca also has the largest number of new drugs approved in China in 2023, including Enhertu (de trastuzumab), Calquence (acotinib), Koselugo (Smetinib), Xigduo XR (Dapagliflozin metformin tablets) and Beyfort.

　

Enhertu is an alpine lighthouse of ADC circuit and a subversive in the field of breast cancer. AstraZeneca has high hopes for it. In 2023, Enhertu successively obtained two major indications for advanced breast cancer with HER2 positive and low expression in China. AstraZeneca said in the financial report that the demand of Enhertu in China has grown strongly after the approval of these two indications. Globally, Enhertu has made great strides, doubling its annual sales to 343.8 billion yen (about 2.456 billion US dollars).

　

Focusing on China, Novartis has set a clear goal — — Achieve market TOP3. In the latest layout strategy, Novartis has elevated China to a priority development area at the same level as the United States, Germany and Japan. Naturally, the decision was made because of the continuous growth performance. The revenue of Novartis China increased from $2.214 billion in 2019 to $3.267 billion in 2023, and its share in global revenue also increased from 4.7% to 7.2%.

　

Novartis’s facade as Entresto (Shakuba Quvalsartan Sodium) achieved a global sales breakthrough, with annual sales exceeding $6 billion. In China, Novartis has also opened up a market of Entresto, and its increase in 2023 will mainly benefit from the increase in permeability in the fields of heart failure and hypertension. It is worth noting that Entresto’s core patent in China will expire in 2026. Fang Shenghe/Fosun’s Shakubatroxobin Sodium Tablets have successfully entered the market by breaking through the original patent barrier through innovative crystal forms.

　

The rising star Leqvio (Inkslan) is stepping up its offensive efforts and stabilizing Novartis’s position in the cardiovascular field. This new lipid-lowering siRNA has been approved in 94 countries, including China (August 2023), and its global sales increased by 217% to $355 million compared with last year. Novartis revealed in its annual report that Leqvio achieved early steady growth in China’s self-funded market.

　

Sanofi’s performance in China increased by 19% year-on-year to 644 million euros in 2023Q4, and its annual revenue was 2.912 billion euros (about 3.184 billion US dollars). In Q4, the strong growth of China district was attributed to Dupixent. In fact, it is not only the most powerful performance pillar of Sanofi, with a global sales of 10.715 billion euros (about 11.717 billion US dollars), but also the basis for it to attack the throne of the "immune giant".

　

In China, Dupixent has covered many indications such as moderate and severe atopic dermatitis, moderate and severe prurigo nodosa in adults, asthma in adolescents and adults aged 12 and over. The breakthrough is still going on, and Sanofi has submitted to NPMA an application for marketing Dupixent as a new indication for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

　

Roche’s product lines in China are mainly diversified. Polivy (vibotezumab), Tecentriq (atilizumab), Perjeta (pertuzumab), Kadcyla (Emetizumab) and Evrysdi have made their way out of the fierce market competition, and their sales in China have all increased in 2023. Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Xofluza (mabaloxavir) sold well during the high incidence of influenza.

　

In the story of China, Roche has been continuously exporting innovative achievements. In November, 2023, Columvi was approved in China, opening a new era of double antibody therapy for China’s lymphoma. In December, Roche welcomed the approval of Vabysmo, bringing the first dual-channel treatment drug to millions of patients with fundus diseases in China.

　

Novo Nordisk’s Smeagol peptide fully explains how big items can be beaten. The sales volume of smegliptide subcutaneous injection preparation (Ozempic, Novotai) in China has reached 4.821 billion Danish kroner (1 Danish kroner = 1.0246 yuan, about 4.940 billion yuan). Less than two years after its listing in China, Ozempic’s market competitiveness is amazing, and it has a crushing advantage over similar products.

　

With the addition of Ozempic, the revenue of Novo Nordisk’s GLP-1 products in China increased by 79% year-on-year to 6.208 billion Danish kroner (about 6.361 billion RMB), which swallowed up 77% of the GLP-1 market in China. It can also be inferred from this data that as of November 2023, the domestic GLP-1 market scale has exceeded 8 billion yuan.

　

　

The domestic sales of Novo Nordisk’s insulin products declined to 8.848 billion Danish kroner (about 9.066 billion yuan) due to the volume purchase, but it still occupied 40% of the market. Overall, the total income of diabetes business in China is 15.948 billion Danish kroner (about 6.361 billion RMB), accounting for 32% of the diabetes market in China.

　

　

Recently, Novo Nordisk has added another general to its product lineup in China. Smeagol tablets (Rybelsus, Novo and Xin) have been approved for marketing. As the only oral GLP-1 product, Rybelsus may further boost Novo Nordisk’s performance in China.

　

Lilly is not to be outdone. Telpotide is now released at a speed far exceeding that of Smegrupeptide in the same period. In 2023, the second year after the listing of Telpotide, its global sales reached 5.163 billion dollars. Holding such a heavyweight product, Lilly also hopes to enter the China market with unlimited potential, and its indications for reducing blood sugar and weight have been accepted by NMPA.

　

In the field of hair loss and Alzheimer’s Harmo’s disease (AD), Lilly made various plans and got stuck early. Baritinib is the first and only innovative targeted drug used in the systematic treatment of severe alopecia areata in China. Donanemab, a new drug for AD, was declared to be listed in China in October, 2023. The next generation of N3pG amyloid antibody remternetug has also been recognized as a breakthrough therapy for AD by NMPA, which is expected in the future.

　

Change reshapes the future.

　

With the iterative evolution of China’s innovation ecosystem, more and more pharmaceutical giants are attracted by the rising local innovation, and they all come for gold. Moreover, these giants seem to prefer to bet on early innovation at this stage compared with later assets with higher certainty.

　

AstraZeneca is open-minded, unique in vision and firmly optimistic about local innovation. In the CAR-T year, it has successively placed bets on Claudin18.2 ADC drug CMG901 of Connoa/Lepu Bio, GPRC5D ADC drug LM-305 EGFR L858R Pharmaceutical, hypercholesterolemia and metabolic diseases innovation project of Kelan Pharmaceutical, oral GLP-1 receptor agonist ECC5004 of Chengyi Bio, KRAS G12D inhibitor UA022 of You Sen Jianheng, and new GPC3 armor type of Sibiman Biotechnology. These cooperative projects have one thing in common, almost all of them are in preclinical or phase I clinical stage.

　

China project introduced by AstraZeneca in the past year.

　

　

Among them, Kelan Medicine and Sibiman Biotechnology are also participating enterprises of AstraZeneca Zhongjin Medical Fund, which was jointly established by AstraZeneca and Zhongjin Capital in 2021. Through industrial fund investment, AstraZeneca hopes to bring more resources and opportunities to partners in the innovation ecosystem.

　

Not only that, AstraZeneca also acquired Genxi Bio for $1.2 billion. This groundbreaking and historic transaction marks the beginning of MNC’s complete acquisition of China Biotech, which not only represents another important exploration of AstraZeneca’s development strategy in China, but also plays a leading role in other MNC’s business models in China, and also opens a new path for China Biotech to exit gracefully.

　

After AstraZeneca, Novartis also acquired a China Biotech— — Sinopharm, which owns the exclusive rights and interests of atrasentan and zigakibart, two innovative drugs for immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) in China and Singapore. Novartis’s intention to acquire Sinopharm is simple and clear, that is, to strengthen its competitiveness in the field of nephrology. This transaction also highlights China’s huge market potential in the global nephrology field.

　

After turning to a purely innovative drug company, Novartis redefined the layout of four core areas, namely cardiovascular-renal-metabolism, immunology, neuroscience and oncology, highlighting the important position in the field of renal metabolism. China has a wide range of patients with kidney disease, especially IgAN patients, who are mainly concentrated in China. I believe Novartis will definitely aim at the kidney disease market in China.

　

　

At the cutting-edge technology track, Novartis also noticed the potential of local innovative pharmaceutical companies. With a total value of US$ 4.165 billion, Novartis pocketed a number of new siRNA drugs from Bowang Pharmaceutical, and expanded its cardiovascular pipeline.

　

Novartis also acquired the global rights of legendary creature LB2102 for US$ 1.11 billion, and this DLL3 CAR-T therapy is conducting phase I research in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.

　

Novartis is a well-deserved pioneer in CAR-T circuit. It launched Kymriah, the world’s first CAR-T therapy, in 2017, but the first halo did not bring it a considerable sales increase. In 2023, Kymriah’s sales fell to about $500 million. If LB2102 successfully develops the differentiated indications of SCLC, then Novartis will undoubtedly seize a potential blockbuster.

　

Roche and China pharmaceutical companies "hand in hand" many times. In May, 2023, Roche acquired the global rights and interests of Zanrong Medicine’s oral small molecule HER2 inhibitor ZN-A-1041 with an advance payment of 70 million US dollars, a milestone amount of 610 million US dollars and a certain proportion of sales share price, and it is currently in the phase I clinical stage.

　

Although Roche has a variety of product combinations of HER2 monoclonal antibody and ADC, the existence of Enhertu has shaken its dominance in the field of breast cancer, and the supplement of this small molecule may bring new treatment schemes to patients with HER2 positive breast cancer, especially those with brain metastasis.

　

In January 2024, Roche and Yilian Bio reached a cooperation of over $1 billion on a preclinical c-MET ADC drug YL211. In fact, in addition to AstraZeneca, Roche, GSK, BMS, Merck and Merck mentioned above, MNCs have started domestic ADC.

　

On the one hand, MNC is eager to find high-value innovations and make plans for the next round of performance growth; On the other hand, under the background of industry cycle, they are also facing unprecedented pressure, and reducing costs and increasing efficiency have become their unified key words. The changes in China District occur from time to time. Many MNCs entrust local partners with the commercialization of some product lines, and organizational restructuring is also common.

　

Merck can win TOP1 in China this year, and there is also a contribution from Zhifei Bio behind it. Since 2011, Merck has entrusted Zhifei Bio with the marketing of vaccine products. In January 2023, the two sides renewed cooperation on five vaccine products, including HPV vaccine and pentavalent rotavirus vaccine.

　

Later, GSK and Pfizer also realized that it seems to be a more efficient choice to hand over the vaccine to local enterprises, and decided Zhifei Bio and Keyuan Xinhai as partners respectively. After all, in China, vaccine sales need to be distributed through a series of channels to reach the end users, which requires the sinking sales ability of enterprises.

　

Also changing is Sanofi. In September, 2023, Sanofi updated its organizational structure in China and directly established three new global management positions: President of Sanofi Greater China, Head of R&D in China and Head of Manufacturing and Supply Chain in China. The signals released by these personnel changes are obvious, and the China market has become more and more important in the global map of Sanofi.

　

In October, Sanofi made a major adjustment in the overall strategy of the company and entered a new chapter of "Play to Win" strategy. The specific measures included launching a strategic cost plan and redistributing most of the saved funds to innovation and growth drivers.

　

In the China market, Sanofi is also moving in this direction. In December, Sanofi and Shanghai Pharmaceutical Holdings announced omni-channel cooperation in key disease areas, which is one of the largest, widest and deepest strategic cooperation between pharmaceutical industry and commerce in recent years. With the help of commercialization, Sanofi can devote more resources to innovation and development, which flexibly balances "innovation and efficiency".

　

Similarly, Roche and Novartis have upgraded their cooperation with Sinopharm Holdings to speed up the market access of products and further expand the local medical and health ecosystem.

　

Frequent personnel changes and business restructuring are also surging in MNC. President Novartis China has taken up his new post, and Zhang Ying has succeeded Bednian. Lilly changed coaches more frequently in China. After serving as president and general manager of Lilly China for more than a year, Bei Jingming left her post. Her successor was Huzur Devletsah, who was also the first female head of Lilly China. AstraZeneca China District set up China biopharmaceutical business, which was headed by Lin Xiao. After Pfizer China abolished the vaccine line, it welcomed Wang Yu &hellip, general manager of Oncology Division; …

　

summary

　

Although the performance competition of MNC China in 2023 has come to an end, a new round of competition has begun, and perhaps next year’s ranking is another scene. The situation changes, and the competition never stops. The only thing that is certain is that the integration of MNC and China market has become more and more deep and inseparable in the constant reshuffle and change.

　　Cctv newsThe eighth round of Geneva peace talks on Syria led by the United Nations was held in Geneva, Switzerland on 28th. On the same day that the peace talks began, the Syrian government decided to send a delegation to participate in the peace talks. It is expected that the Syrian government delegation will arrive in Geneva on the 29th.

　　On the 28th, the Syrian Foreign Ministry confirmed that after discussions with Russia, the Syrian government decided that the Syrian Permanent Representative to the United Nations Jaafari would lead a Syrian government delegation to Geneva to participate in this round of peace talks.

　　De Mistura, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Syria, also said that he had received news that the Syrian government delegation had confirmed its participation in the peace talks.

　　Earlier, due to the serious differences between the Syrian government and the opposition on the issue of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s stay, the Syrian government delayed confirming its participation.

　　On the 27th, the Syrian opposition delegation that has arrived in Geneva said that the primary appeal of the opposition to participate in this round of peace talks is to ask Bashar to step down before the political process starts. Earlier, a senior official of the Syrian government said that the Syrian opposition’s "laying down arms" was a prerequisite for the success of the peace talks. Due to serious differences between the two sides, the Syrian government delegation postponed its trip to Geneva.

　　UN envoy meets Syrian opposition delegation

　　On the 28th, the eighth round of Geneva peace talks on Syria was officially opened. On the same day, UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Syria, De Mistura, held talks with the Syrian opposition which formed a unified delegation in Geneva.

　　UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Syria, De Mistura, said after meeting with Syrian opposition representatives on the 28th that the United Nations would propose for the first time that the Syrian government delegation and the Syrian opposition delegation should have a direct dialogue.

　　Whether the negotiating parties can "talk directly" is highly anticipated.

　　All along, the Geneva peace talks have been in the form of "indirect talks", that is, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Syria acts as a mediator to communicate and communicate between the two sides. The representatives of the Syrian government and the opposition have not met directly. De Mistura said that it is not yet known whether the two sides will agree to direct dialogue, but the United Nations will put forward this proposal.

　　The Syrian opposition delegation formed a unified group for the first time.

　　De Mistura also said that there were many Syrian opposition factions that had participated in the Geneva peace talks many times before, and no unified delegation was formed. Before the opening of the peace talks, the Syrian opposition held a meeting to coordinate its position and formed a unified opposition delegation.

　　The Syrian government has agreed to cease fire in Dongguta area.

　　De Mistura also said that after communicating with the Russian side, the Syrian government has agreed to implement a ceasefire in the Dongguta area in the eastern suburb of Damascus, the Syrian capital. In the past few years, opposition forces have controlled the Dongguta area and frequently launched shelling into Syrian government-controlled areas, causing a large number of civilian casualties.

　　De Mistura, the UN Special Envoy for Syria, said that the new round of peace talks needs to have a new focus and be practical. Under the current circumstances, the Geneva peace talks have been fully prepared on how to promote the political settlement of the Syrian crisis.

　　De Mistura affirmed the role played by China.

　　On 28th, UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Syria, De Mistura, met with China’s Special Envoy for Syria, Xie Xiaoyan. De Mistura fully affirmed China’s efforts and role in the Syrian issue.

　　The new round of peace talks still focuses on the "four baskets", namely, the formation of a national unity government, the revision of the constitution, the holding of general elections and anti-terrorism cooperation. Among them, amending the constitution and re-election will be the top priority. Xie Xiaoyan, the special envoy of the China administration on Syria, said that these two issues are crucial to promoting the political process on Syria.

　　Earlier in the day, De Mistura also held talks with representatives of the permanent members of the UN Security Council. De Mistura said that the talks with the representatives of the permanent members are very important. On the one hand, it can prepare the agenda of the talks, on the other hand, it can consolidate and strengthen the importance and authority of the Geneva peace talks, because the Geneva peace talks are the only political settlement process of the Syrian issue authorized by the Security Council.

　　The Syrian government is late and the opposition is early.

　　In the previous Geneva peace talks, the Syrian government delegation arrived at the venue in advance and waited for the arrival of the opposition. This time, the current round of peace talks started on the 28th, and the head of the Syrian opposition peace talks delegation Hariri arrived in Geneva on the 27th, while the Syrian government delegation will arrive in Geneva on the 29th. Experts believe that this is related to the current battlefield situation in Syria.

　　Geneva peace talks on Syria

　　Before this round of peace talks, the Geneva peace talks on Syria have been held for seven rounds, but due to the serious differences between the Syrian government and the opposition, many rounds of peace talks have not achieved substantive breakthroughs.

　　In December 2015, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2254 aimed at promoting a political solution to the Syrian conflict, and decided to launch formal peace talks between Syrian factions led by the United Nations, which will be held at the Palais des Nations in Geneva.

　　According to this resolution, the current Geneva peace talks mainly include four topics: the establishment of a transitional government of national unity in Syria, the formulation of a new constitution, the holding of general elections and the joint efforts of all parties to fight terrorism. These four topics are also called "four baskets".

　　The differences between the parties are serious and it is difficult to achieve substantive progress.

　　Since January 2016, the parties to the Syrian issue have successively held several rounds of "Geneva Peace Talks on Syria". However, in the previous rounds of negotiations, the differences between the parties have been very serious. Even on the discussion order of the "four baskets", it is difficult for the Syrian government and the opposition delegation to reach an agreement. Moreover, the two sides can’t hold direct talks in the negotiations, but only indirect talks, which means that the United Nations needs to hold talks with the Syrian parties separately, and then shuttle messages between the parties. In this case, many rounds of negotiations failed to achieve substantive results on any topic.

　　Gradually but failed to break through the end of the seventh round of peace talks.

　　From July 10th to 14th, 2017, the seventh round of "Geneva Peace Talks on Syria" was held. This round of peace talks is still an indirect dialogue. After the seventh round of peace talks, UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Syria, De Mistura, said that this round of peace talks has made some progress, but no substantive breakthrough has been made. On three topics except the establishment of a transitional government, the Syrian government and the opposition held many technical discussions to pave the way for substantive discussions; At the same time, a certain consensus has been reached on anti-terrorism and the prohibition of banned weapons. De Mistura said that the two sides are not far from substantive discussions.

　　Expert: US policy toward Syria is still unclear.

　　In addition to the great changes in the domestic situation in Syria, the involvement of external forces is another background that cannot be ignored. With extremist organizations losing ground in the Syrian battlefield, will the US policy toward Syria be adjusted?

　　Daniel Sevo, an American expert on Middle East issues, said that with the new round of Syrian peace talks, many American observers did not have high expectations for the outcome of the peace talks. In particular, the recent statement of US Secretary of Defense Matisse also shows that the US will not immediately withdraw its troops from Syria.

　　On November 13, US Defense Secretary Matisse said at the Pentagon that the US military will maintain a military presence in Syria for a long time to prevent the emergence of new extremist organizations. On November 24, US President Trump said in a telephone conversation with Turkish President Erdogan that the United States will no longer provide weapons and equipment to Kurdish armed forces in Syria. These actions also show that the United States is readjusting its Syrian policy.

　　However, experts said that from the current point of view, the US policy toward Syria is still unclear.

　　As the battle against extremist organizations in Syria is coming to an end, the United States is reassessing its policy toward Syria. Some observers said that no matter what adjustments the US makes, the US military will not leave Syria easily.　　

　　　　　　 CCTV News:According to the data monitored by the Price Monitoring Center of the National Development and Reform Commission, on August 24th, the average retail price of 15 major vegetable varieties in key cities reached 3.18 yuan per catty, up 5.3% from the beginning of August. There has been a marked increase in vegetable prices. The National Development and Reform Commission also responded to the future vegetable supply and price trend.

　　　　　　 Wang Shuangzheng, director of the Agricultural Products Monitoring Division of the Price Testing Center of the National Development and Reform Commission, said that this round of vegetable price increase is mainly related to weather factors. Recently, some bad weather, such as heavy rain and hail, has occurred in the Yangtze River basin and the Yellow River and Huaihe River basin, which has a certain impact on vegetable production.

　　　　　　 Wang Shuangzheng said that extreme weather will also affect the transportation of vegetables from the place of origin to the wholesale market and the terminal consumer market, which is also one of the reasons for the increase in vegetable costs.

　　　　　　 For the future trend of vegetable prices, vegetable production and market supply are completely guaranteed. According to the monitoring of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, at the end of July, the area of vegetables in 580 key counties of vegetable industry in China was about 1.09 million mu, which was in a reasonable range.

　　　　　　 Simona is saying: "Now that it has entered autumn, some bad weather will be significantly reduced. The production and supply of vegetables are effectively guaranteed. In particular, the picking and transportation efficiency of vegetables will also be improved. There is no problem with market supply. "

　　　　　　 According to the price monitoring center of the National Development and Reform Commission, overall, vegetable prices will gradually stabilize. The prices of some vegetable varieties will show a steady and declining trend.

During the Agrarian Revolutionary War, under the direct leadership of Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, Xi Zhongxun and other communist party people specifically planned, organized and implemented a relatively complete military movement struggle. The uprising was constantly prepared and planned in Binxian County, Fengxiang County and Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province. It was decided in Fengxian County, and with the consent of the provincial party committee, the troops were transferred to Gansu at that time, so it was called "two mutinies".

First, the uprising preparation

Beginning in 1929, according to the instructions of the Central Committee on Shaanxi’s work, the Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China (the temporary provincial Committee of Shaanxi from March 1929 to July 1930) proposed that the key tasks of carrying out the agrarian revolution and armed struggle were to organize political strikes, organize local riots, organize mutiny, expand the Red Army, and demand that capable comrades be sent to the "counter-revolutionary" army in a planned way to launch the daily struggle of soldiers and carry out organized mutiny.

Yang Hucheng, commander-in-chief of the 17th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army stationed in Shaanxi, had secret contacts with communist party people and was inclined to communist party’s principles and policies ideologically. The Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China secretly sent Lee Beom Young, Li Tesheng, Xi Zhongxun and other party member to the Ministry to carry out the troop transport work.

On February 6, 1930, according to the instructions of the Wuzi District Organization of the Communist Party of China, Xi Zhongxun used his relationship to infiltrate the local armed forces against Feng (Yuxiang) in Changwu County to carry out the troop transport work, and used his hometown relationship with Wang Dexiu, the division leader of the department, to temporarily stay in the detachment activities. According to the specific instructions of the provincial party committee, "party member tried his best to serve in the next company", he then went to the detachment for a second term as a trainee officer.

In late March 1930, Xi Zhongxun, Lee Beom Young and Li Tesheng held a meeting in Yaowangdong, Changwu County, and set up a party group, which was headed by Lee Beom Young. It is decided to take Erlian as the center, develop party member, establish a party organization, and strive for the whole detachment to become a force completely controlled by the Party. Soon, the party group held its second meeting and decided to send party member and Liu Shulin, the Communist Party of China who served as munitions documents in the detachment, to report to Xi ‘an for instructions. The provincial party Committee agreed to establish a party organization in the detachment and mobilize soldiers to carry out daily struggles. In July, Xi Zhongxun moved to Tingkou Town, Changwu County with Erlian, and became sworn brothers with Wang Zixuan, the owner of the town mule shop, and made the mule shop a secret contact point of the party.

In 1930, during the Central Plains War, Yang Hucheng was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the 17th Route Army and the chairman of the Shaanxi Provincial Government. Wang Dexiu’s department was incorporated into the 2nd Battalion of the 3rd Regiment of the 3rd Brigade of Shaanxi Cavalry, and Xi Zhongxun was appointed as the spy chief of the 2nd Battalion and 2nd Company, responsible for the work of the underground party. Subsequently, the troops moved to Bin County. With the development of the 17th Route Army, the Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China sent personnel and issued instructions to the Ministry, and planned to form a large-scale joint armed force. The brigade was listed as one of the three armed forces striving for unity. According to the requirements of the provincial party committee, after a year’s efforts, Xi Zhongxun and others, the second battalion of the Ministry has more than 30 people in party member, established a soldiers’ branch and established a battalion party committee.

In May 1931, the 2nd Battalion of the 3rd Regiment of the 3rd Brigade of Shaanxi Cavalry was reorganized into the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Regiment of the 3rd Brigade of Shaanxi Police, and moved to Fengxiang County for centralized training and consolidation, with Xi Zhongxun as the party secretary of the battalion. In November, the Ministry was ordered to arrive in Fengxian to fight against the Sichuan army in Liangdang and Chengxian. After the war, the first battalion of the regiment was stationed in Fengxian, among which the battalion, Company One and Machine Gun Company were stationed in Fengzhou, the county seat of Fengxian, Company Two was stationed in Shuangshipu, Fengxian and Company Three was stationed in liangdang county, Gansu. During this period, Xi Zhongxun, under the cover of being a spy chief, inspired soldiers’ consciousness through publicity and education, cared about soldiers’ sufferings through personal words and deeds, mastered the army through rectifying military discipline, constantly developed party member and established a party organization, which enhanced the cohesion and appeal of the party organization. With Xi Zhongxun as the secretary, the battalion party committee and all company branches are well organized and often carry out party activities, which plays a central role in mastering and controlling the whole battalion. At the same time, actively understand and master the situation in Fengxian, get to know progressive people, and establish a secret meeting place. At the beginning of 1932, Xi Zhongxun and Liu Shangzhi (word Xixian), a model elementary school teacher in Fengzhou City, tied the knot in Jin Lan and took photos to commemorate it. Subsequently, Xi Zhongxun took Liu Shangzhi’s home as a secret meeting point, and often held underground party member meetings, research work, and carried out military activities; Under the cover of hunting and playing, they often gather in Nanqi Mountain, Houshi Mountain and Zhang Guolao Cave outside Fengzhou City to exchange information and arrange work, which laid the foundation for the implementation of the mutiny ideologically and organizationally.

Second, the main process

The Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to the military transportation work of the Ministry. In the spring of 1931, when the Ministry was stationed in Bin County, the provincial party committee sent Jiao Weichi, a member of the provincial party committee, to discuss the uprising in the underground organization of the 1st battalion party. After the Ministry was stationed in Fengxiang, the provincial party Committee sent Li Jiefu, secretary of the Military Commission, to the first battalion to secretly hold a three-day party Committee meeting, proposing that the first battalion immediately hold a mutiny, pull out the team and go to the Soviet area. Xi Zhongxun and others thought that the conditions were not yet available, especially after the mutiny, the troops were thin and there was no external cooperation to meet them, which was very likely to be eliminated, so there was no uprising.

The activities of the Party organization of the 1st Battalion attracted the attention of the top officers of the Ministry. Cao Runhua, the head of the regiment, distrusted Wang Dexiu and his subordinate officers, and adopted the method of "mixing sand" to gradually replace the company-level officers. At the beginning of 1932, Cao Runhua decided to exchange the first battalion and the second battalion, and transferred the first battalion to Huixian and Chengxian in Gansu Province. After the news came out, there was a strong antagonism in the whole battalion, because most of the officers and men were from Ganxian county and Liquan, and they were unwilling to leave their hometown for further mountainous areas.

Xi Zhongxun hosted a meeting of the camp party committee outside the west gate of Fengxian County to discuss countermeasures. He believes that the party organization can basically control the troops, and the soldiers’ consciousness is improved and they yearn for the light; Especially after the news of the change of defense came out, the soldiers showed strong antagonism; The first battalion is far from the regimental headquarters, and there are few troops around. The meeting decided to take advantage of the relief to hold a mutiny, and sent Liu Shulin and Zhang Keqin to Xi ‘an to report to the provincial party committee. The provincial party committee agreed to hold an uprising, and instructed that after the uprising, the troops would be pulled to Xunyi to join the Liu Zhidan Department of the Shaanxi-Gansu Guerrilla of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army. Subsequently, the provincial party committee sent Liu Linpu, secretary-general of the provincial military commission, as a special correspondent and Zhang Keqin as a guide to Fengxian County. After Liu Linpu arrived in Fengxian County, he went directly to Shuanglian Resident Shuangshipu to meet Xi Zhongxun and others. Xi Zhongxun presided over a meeting of the camp party committee, Liu Linpu announced the decision of the provincial party committee, and Xi Zhongxun and others expressed their firm determination to implement the decision of the provincial party committee, and agreed on specific matters such as the uprising action plan and marching route.

At the end of March, Cao Runhua issued an order to change the defense, requiring the first battalion and the second battalion to start operations on April 1. On the morning of the 1st, Wang Dexiu led a company and a machine gun company from Fengzhou with the battalion, passing through Shuangshipu; The second company went to Dangdang with the main force of the battalion. At dusk that day, the troops went to liangdang county City, Gansu Province, and camped after meeting with Sanlian. At about 9 pm, Liu Linpu, Xi Zhongxun and Li Tesheng hosted an enlarged meeting of the camp party committee in a mule shop in Chengbei Street, liangdang county, attended by party member cadres who were platoon leaders in the whole camp. Xi Zhongxun introduced Liu Linpu to everyone and talked about the intention of the meeting. Liu Linpu, as a special correspondent of the provincial party committee, announced the decision of the provincial party committee to hold an uprising and made specific arrangements for the uprising. The camp party Committee decided to hold an uprising at 12 o’clock that night. After the operation, they assembled outside the north gate and evacuated in a unified manner.

In the early morning of April 2, the officers and men of each company acted at the same time as planned. About 300 soldiers from the third company and the machine gun company of the battalion gathered outside the north gate of the county, and the uprising was initially successful. In order to avoid unexpected changes, the party committee of the battalion decided to evacuate the mutiny team before dawn and move along the Guangxiang River in the direction of Taiyoji. At 9 o’clock in the morning, Xi Zhongxun called a meeting in Taiyoji to study the reorganization of troops, the allocation of cadres and the direction of marching. The meeting decided to reorganize the troops into "the fifth detachment of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants, but so do dungans", with Xi Zhongxun as the secretary of the team committee, Wu Jincai as the division commander and Liu Linpu as the political commissar, and the team consisted of three companies. After starting from Taiyoji, the troops crossed the Weihe River in the west of chencang district, Baoji City, passed through Tongdongyu, Chisha and Xiangquan, and entered the Gaoya and Huahua Temple in Badu, Dongfeng Town and Qianyang County of Longxian County. The journey was hundreds of miles, and they fought the local peace preservation corps for more than ten times, all of which won. When the troops went to Yeling, Lingtai County, Gansu Province, they met with Yang Ziheng, a regular Kuomintang army. In order to save strength, Xi Zhongxun immediately convened a team committee and decided to March to Yueyu Temple overnight. After arriving at the destination, they were surrounded by hundreds of infantry and cavalry of bandit Wang Jiezi, and fought fiercely for several hours. The officers and men of the detachment suffered heavy casualties, their ammunition was exhausted, and they lost their fighting ability. Except for a few who ran out, the rest were disarmed. Three days later, Xi Zhongxun and Zuo Wenhui, who were inquiring about the enemy situation and crossing the river in Tingkou, Changwu County, learned that the troops had lost northward, and regretted that they had not brought this army to the Soviet area in northern Shaanxi in the end.

三、历史意义

习仲勋等人领导组织的两当兵变，为陕甘地区革命武装的创建发展积累了宝贵经验，培养锻炼了一批干部，也有力地配合了陕甘边革命根据地的创建发展，在西北地区的革命斗争史上占有重要地位。

一是动摇了国民党在西北地区的统治基础。两当兵变是“一次具有重要的政治、军事意义”的武装起义，揭开了以“创造新的工农红军”为目的的西北第二轮“革命兵变”序幕，它和后来陕西党组织在陕甘地区组织领导的靖远起义、西华池起义、巉口起义、蒿店起义、耀县起义等武装起义一起，唤起了西北人民开展武装斗争的政治觉醒，沉重打击了国民党在西北地区的反动统治，对国民党军队起到了一定的瓦解和破坏作用。

二是探索了“白色”建军的具体模式。清涧、渭华、旬邑等武装起义失败后，刘志丹在陕北特委榆林红石峡会议上提出了著名的“三色建军”思想：即通过红色、白色、灰色三种模式创建党独立领导下的革命武装。两当兵变是我们党运用“比较完整的兵运工作”创建中国工农红军的一次武装兵变，形成了西北共产党人创建陕甘红军最实际、最简洁的方式，为陕甘边革命根据地的创建准备了条件。

Third, a number of key members of the Party have been trained and trained. Although the mutiny between the two armies failed to meet the original plan of the main force of the Red Army but Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas led by Liu Zhidan, it trained and trained outstanding military and political cadres of Xi Zhongxun and other parties in the test of blood and fire. These ancestors actively developed party member, established party organizations and cultivated many revolutionary backbones according to the actual situation of the army. They played an important role in the mutiny, showed tenacious fighting spirit in the later revolutionary activities and made contributions to the liberation of the Chinese nation and the people of China.

Fourth, it had a far-reaching impact on Xi Zhongxun’s later revolutionary activities. The Dangdang mutiny was the first major revolutionary activity led by Xi Zhongxun after he participated in the revolution. At the age of 19, he was in the critical period of the formation of the revolutionary outlook on life and world, and the Dangdang mutiny left a deep impression on him. Marked by this incident, he grew from an activist in party member to a leader of the Party’s grass-roots organizations and a military commander. Together with Liu Zhidan and Xie Zichang, he founded and developed the Shaanxi-Gansu border revolutionary base area, which provided a foothold for the Party Central Committee and the Red Army of all walks, and created conditions for the strategic focus of China’s revolution to shift from the south to the northwest. (Contributed by Party History Research Office of Provincial Party Committee)