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Yang Liwei is on Shenzhou 5.

CCTV News:A 21-hour, 23-minute space trip made the world remember the name of Chinese-Yang Liwei.

In the golden autumn of 2003, he soared into the sky, and the Chinese nation dreamed of flying for thousands of years. This astronaut, the first flight of the China People’s Liberation Army Astronaut Brigade, won the respect of the people of the whole country with his own actions, and was awarded the honorary title of "space hero" by the state. With his successful return, the whole world also paid attention to it. China became the third member of the World Manned Space Club, and the stage of China’s peaceful use of space was ever broader.

To this day, he said that he still can’t accept such a compliment because he went to war on behalf of the motherland and the people. He will never regret his choice, because he has been trying to look up at the sky, and the sky has given him a broader life.

Temper and forge heroes for war.

In 1983, Yang Liwei graduated from high school, just in time for the Air Force to recruit. That year, he was admitted to the Eighth Flight Academy of the Air Force, and he had an indissoluble bond with the blue sky.

In the aviation school, his academic performance has always been excellent. After graduating from college, he became a fighter pilot. He was the top trainer of the whole division. In 1992, the troops were streamlined and reorganized, and his Air Force Division was completely laid off, and the pilots were collectively transferred to a certain regiment of the Sichuan Aviation Corps. Many people advised him to earn a lot of money in civil aviation, but he submitted a letter of determination to apply for continued service to the organization.

With the understanding and support of his wife, Zhang Yumei, Yang Liwei came to a certain regiment of the Sichuan Aviation Corps in early 1993. It took him more than two years to finally fly the basic courses of fighter planes and master all the skills. By 1996, he basically flew full-time every year, flying safely for a total of 1350 hours, becoming an excellent "all-weather" fighter pilot.

Not only should we fly well, but we should also fly higher. When he learned that he was going to select an astronaut, his yearning for this sacred career was irrepressible.

It takes a great change from pilot to astronaut, during which the difficulties and twists are unimaginable for ordinary people. The first thing to get through is the basic theory of space science. Only one book, Fundamentals of Manned Space Engineering, has a thick 600 pages. It is really a test for astronauts who have been pilots for more than 10 years and are used to long-term outdoor training and flying. Yang Liwei scored 93 points in the basic theory graduation examination, ranking first among the selected comrades in the same group.

Breaking through the basic theory of aerospace, physical training and space simulation environment training that challenge the physiological limit have begun again. Every training can be called "devil training": At Gagarin Aerospace Training Center in Russia, Yang Liwei and his comrades boarded a weightless simulation plane modified by an Il-76 transport plane for weightless training for the first time. In the sea of clouds, planes dive and pull up continuously along parabola … … Let them repeatedly undergo the adaptation test under weightlessness conditions. In China, simulator training, in the hot summer, he and his comrades-in-arms should wear thermal underwear and heavy spacesuits for three or four hours at a time, and their weight will drop significantly at the end of each training; They are also dragged to various wild environments for extreme training such as desert survival, water rescue, high-altitude flight and skydiving … …

"I still don’t think that I have extraordinary intelligence. The key is hard work and hard work. The key to hard work is to pay attention to learning methods and improve learning efficiency. Difficulties and setbacks are like slippery stones in a rushing river. If you are not careful, you may slip. However, if you understand these difficulties and overcome these setbacks, you can cross the river by feeling the stones and turn them into help to help you cross the river. After repeated physical and psychological overload training, I slowly explored a law: when one thing persists until it is almost impossible to persist, it is actually close to success. " From the moment he entered the ranks of the first generation of astronauts in China, Yang Liwei regarded it as his lofty ideal pursuit to realize the dream of flying for the Chinese nation.

Triumph I am proud of my motherland.

At 5: 28 on October 15, 2003, Yang Liwei, wearing a space suit, appeared in front of the farewell crowd at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.

“10、9、8、7… …” Commander Zero’s countdown password resounded over the launch site. When he heard "4", Yang Liwei subconsciously raised his right hand and gave a military salute to Zhuang Yan in the direction of the camera. "This is not arranged in the flight procedure." He said, "But at that sacred moment, only by saluting can you express your inner feelings."

“3、2、1… … Ignition! " At 0900 hours, the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft was lifted by the Long March II F rocket. During the acceleration of the rocket, Yang Liwei just began to feel good. But soon, he was in trouble-the rocket began to shake sharply and resonated. He had never done this kind of training before.

"Unbearable pain, I feel that my internal organs are going to be broken." Yang Liwei said, "For a moment, I thought I was going to sacrifice." Fortunately, through the joint efforts of scientific and technical personnel, this resonance problem was finally solved, and this kind of situation never happened again in future missions.

Entering space, Yang Liwei enjoys the pleasure of weightlessness. Seeing the blue earth, he can’t help but feel proud of the country’s scientific and technological development and the greatness of all mankind. He deeply understands that he is not flying alone, but represents all Chinese. He wrote a sentence on the back of his work log: "For the peace and progress of mankind, Chinese came to space", and held the log in front of the camera to share his excitement with the people of the whole country.

On October 16, 2003, astronaut Yang Liwei, who performed the Shenzhou 5 mission, returned to Xijiao Airport and was thrown up by cheering crowds (photo: Zhu Jiutong).

At 6 o’clock on October 16th, Yang Liwei successfully landed in central Inner Mongolia after completing a 21-hour and 23-minute space flight. Later, Yang Liwei left the cabin on his own. Facing the welcome crowd, he expressed the common aspiration of hundreds of millions of Chinese children: "I am proud of my motherland!"

"During the preparation for the Shenzhou 5 mission, I met the biggest difficulty in my life."

At the end of 2001, Yang Liwei’s wife, Zhang Yumei, suffered from severe kidney disease and often suffered from backache. At that time, Yang Liwei was under intense training, and her 5-year-old son needed someone to take care of him. Yang Liwei’s wife’s illness was delayed for more than half a year, and she went to the 301 Hospital in a hurry until she had hematuria. At that time, she was hospitalized and had a puncture operation. The day after his wife’s operation, Yang Liwei will go to Jilin for flight training. These trainings are all one-off, and he can’t make up lessons. Whether to go or not, his heart is full of pain and contradictions.

That night, he sat in front of his wife’s bed all night. His wife read his mind and pretended to easily mobilize him to participate in the training as planned. In the next year or so, his wife will spend 10 days in the hospital every month. He will make a transfer order in advance, send his wife to the hospital to go through the formalities, and then go back to Aerospace City to continue training. When his wife was in hospital, his son was left unattended. The brigade specially approved that he could live at home and take care of the children to sleep every day. After 10 o’clock, he started his own study, put the children on the school bus the next morning, and then rushed back to continue training.

At home, Yang Liwei and his wife have a clear division of labor. Generally, the wife does a lot of housework, but when it comes to electrical appliances, Yang Liwei is in charge. Before going to the launch site, Yang Liwei said to his wife, "Let me teach you to adjust the electronic alarm clock." Zhang Yumei said, "I won’t study. When you come back safely, you can adjust it yourself."

Over the years, Yang Liwei has been separated from his wife and children, and he always feels a little guilty.

"I deeply know that it was the motherland and the people who chose me. It was Qian Qian’s thousands of scientific and technological personnel who supported me to fly into space, and flying is the career, initial heart and mission of each of our astronauts." Shenzhou 5 flight is over, and the world has seen the historical leap of China’s space science from the success of Shenzhou V manned space flight! The world also saw the enterprising spirit of the Chinese nation and the elegant demeanor of China soldiers from China’s first space hero.

"It is gratifying that China’s manned spaceflight industry has not stopped after exploring space. From one person to many people for more than a day, from heaven and earth to space, from rendezvous and docking to space, the three-step strategy of manned spaceflight project has been steadily advanced. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, with the smooth implementation of Shenzhou-9, Shenzhou-10 and Shenzhou-11 missions, China’s manned spaceflight has ushered in a new era of space station construction, and Chinese’s pace of flying into space will be higher and further. All our astronauts will work hard with the people of the whole country to forge ahead, strive for a new era and write new glories with hard work and sweat. " This is Yang Liwei, with an iron will and quiet inside’s composure. (Di Chenchen/Wen)

Zeeker Krypton 001 prices vary from place to place.

For example, in Foshan, the guide price of the 2023 YOU version of 100kWh is 386,000, the discount is 37,000, and the starting price is 349,000; WE version of 86kWh has a guide price of 300,000, a discount of 31,000 and a starting price of 269,000; The WE version of the 140kWh endurance suit has a guide price of 403,000, a discount of 31,000, and a starting price of 372,000; WE version of the 100kWh guide price is 300,000, the discount is 31,000, and the starting price is 269,000; The ME version of 100kWh has a guide price of 349,000, a discount of 30,000 and a starting price of 319,000.

The situation is similar in Suzhou. The brand-new Krypton 001 released on February 27th, 2024 was officially launched, and it was divided into four versions, with the price range of 269,000-329,000 yuan, specifically, the WE version of 100KWH rear drive was 269,000 yuan, the WE version of 96KWH four-wheel drive was 269,000 yuan, the ME version of 100KWH four-wheel drive was 299,000 yuan, and the YOU version of 100kwh four-wheel drive was 329,000 yuan.

Different models have differences in power, battery life and configuration. In terms of power, the WE version of the 100kWh rear-drive version accelerates for 5.9 seconds, the WE version of the 95kWh four-wheel drive version accelerates for 3.5 seconds, and the ME version and the YOU version of the four-wheel drive dual motor accelerate for 3.3 seconds.

In terms of battery and battery life, the WE version of the 100kWh rear-drive version is equipped with a 100kWh ternary lithium battery with a battery life of 750km, the WE version of the 95kWh four-wheel drive version is equipped with a 95kWh lithium iron phosphate battery with a battery life of 675km, and both the ME version and the YOU version of the four-wheel drive dual motor are equipped with a 100kWh ternary lithium battery with a battery life of 705km.

In terms of configuration, the whole system comes standard with lidar, Qualcomm 8295 car chip, Yamaha audio, etc.

In Beijing, the maximum discount of 10 models on sale reached 39,000 yuan, and the actual transaction price was 267,000-769,000 yuan.

In Shenzhen, the price of ZEEKR 001 was greatly reduced, and the lowest starting price was only 269,000.

Vehicle prices change at any time, and the actual landing price also needs to consider insurance, purchase tax, licensing and other expenses.

There are too many unexpected things in 2020. One of the minor accidents is that the academic word "involution" has suddenly become a buzzword in the street talk. A word will have semantic "inflation" in the process of popularity, and its degree is often proportional to its popularity. When a word can be used to describe any phenomenon, it completely loses its meaning, which means nothing can be described. Therefore, it is necessary to appropriately narrow the application scope of this word and restore its true colors.

Put the conclusion first: involution is essentially the characteristic of agricultural society. Today, all kinds of strange images of involution can not be separated from the word "agriculture". First, China is still a dual economy with a huge agricultural population. Secondly, China’s industrialization and urbanization were completed in just 40 years, so in many fields, although the body has entered the post-industrial big city, the head still stays in the agricultural society in the 19th century.

Agriculture is the mother of involution.

There is no doubt that agriculture and agricultural society are the most suitable scenes for "involution". The word involution, which we use today, has a clear source, and that is the book "The involution of agriculture" by American anthropologist Geerds. In this book, through field research, Geerds found that there was a dual economy in colonial Indonesia: Jawa Island was mainly engaged in grain production, while the outer islands were led by Dutch colonists to carry out more efficient industries. Under the pressure of population, the agricultural precision of Zhaowa Island has been continuously improved, and a large number of labors have been filled into it. Although the yield per mu has been continuously improved, the per capita output has not increased, resulting in a long-term stagnation in the growth of living standards. Geerds called this process involution.

The popularity of the word Neijuan in the Chinese world is inseparable from the historian Mr. Huang Zongzhi. After in-depth study of the small-scale peasant economy in China’s history, Mr. Huang Zongzhi made his own play and understanding of this word. He thinks involution is "growth without development" For example, from the 14th century, cotton planting rose in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The labor input required for cotton planting and textile far exceeds that of rice, but the income has not increased in equal proportion. This means that the average labor return of small farmers in China has declined because of the over-intensive labor in agriculture.

The discoveries of both Geerds and Huang Zongzhi have in fact repeatedly confirmed a person’s profound thoughts and foresight. Due to special historical reasons, the popularity of his works in China is probably far more than that in his own country-thomas robert malthus. In "On Population", Malthus expounded his profound insight into agricultural production: agricultural production relies heavily on a capital that cannot be increased in the long run-agricultural land. Unless a country suddenly discovers an uncultivated new continent, its agricultural land endowment is always generally fixed. Therefore, the increase of agricultural labor force means that each farmer can use less land for production, and less land means less output for each farmer.

This is the economic principle of involution. According to this theory, when will farmers live better? The answer is when there are fewer other farmers. The cruel human economic history confirms this. Today’s global epidemic forces us to look back on the great plagues in history, such as the Black Death, which claimed one third of the lives in Europe. An important economic consequence of the Black Death was the "gift of death", which enabled the surviving farmers in Western Europe to enjoy higher wages and per capita income.

Population and wage levels in Britain before and after the Black Death. Source: Hansen and Prescott (2002)

　In fact, it is generally agreed in economic history such as Madison and Clark that in the history of more than 1000 years before the Industrial Revolution, the average output, income and consumption of all mankind were hovering at a very low level, which is the so-called Malthusian trap. In this trap, the increase of population will inevitably lead to involution, and only natural disasters, plagues and wars can temporarily break the involution.

The average income of mankind in the past 2000 years. Source: Wu, Lemin (2015)

Only when the industrial revolution and the tide of urbanization come will mankind have the opportunity to completely break the involution. Compared with agriculture, the vast majority of assets needed for industrial production can be increased in total, and the dependence on unchangeable inputs such as land is much lower. Therefore, if there are more workers, more machines can be produced to match them. With the progress of science and technology, the cost of production machines has been declining, and the means of production used by each worker can be continuously increased, thus making the average output of each worker continue to rise in the long run.

In the post-industrial era, the importance of service industry and innovation is becoming more and more important. Population density is no longer a factor limiting per capita income, but can promote productivity. Service industry depends on face-to-face communication between producers and consumers, and innovation depends on the gathering of talents. A large number of studies in urban economics show that the higher the population density, the higher the productivity and per capita income. This is not a simple correlation, and it is not only because people with high ability choose big cities, but also because of the positive spillover brought by population agglomeration.

Malthus’ logic is still powerful in explaining the gap between the rich and the poor in today’s world. If we rank the countries in the world according to their per capita income, we will find that the difference in per capita output between the top 10% and the bottom 10% countries is more than 20 times. If we divide each country into agriculture and non-agriculture, we will find that the gap between countries in the agricultural field is particularly large. The difference in per capita output between the top 10% countries and the bottom 10% countries in the non-agricultural sector is only about 5 times, while the difference in the agricultural sector is more than 40 times.

Unfortunately, for various reasons, these poor countries put most of their labor force in the particularly underdeveloped agricultural sector, while developed countries usually have only 2%-5% agricultural labor force. If we further decompose the difference in average agricultural output between poor countries and rich countries, we will find that the difference in per mu yield is usually 2-4 times, while the difference in land scale operated by farmers per capita is much more important. For example, the average agricultural land in African countries is usually only about 1 hectare, while the average agricultural land in many countries in Europe and America can reach more than 100 hectares. It is important to increase the yield per mu, but what is more important is how to liberate a large number of farmers from the inefficient agricultural sector through urbanization and industrialization, so that the remaining farmers can manage more land.

Today’s involution is also inseparable from the word "agriculture"

After 40 years of industrialization and urbanization in China, agricultural GDP has accounted for less than 10% of the total GDP, and the resident population in cities has exceeded 60% of the total population. Today, why is the word involution suddenly popular? This is, of course, directly related to the slowdown in economic growth and the anxiety caused by the epidemic. But on closer examination, I’m afraid the root is still a word "agriculture".

First, China is still a dual economy with a huge agricultural and rural population. In terms of employed population, there are still more than 20% farmers in China; In terms of registered population, China still has more than 50% rural population. Because of the lack of public services and other reasons, more than 200 million migrant workers have not really integrated into the city and are trapped in a dilemma between urban and rural areas. At the same time, the difference between urban and rural per capita income in China has been maintained at about 3 times for a long time.

According to Lewis’s dual economic theory, when there is a huge low-income group in rural areas, the income of workers in urban departments will be greatly under downward pressure. One of the most concerned events of last year was also cited as a typical case of "involution" by public opinion, that is, urban takeaway workers constantly violated traffic rules and even paid the price of blood driven by platform algorithms. At that time, the urban middle class and intellectuals who saw the report were surprised: why should they endure the exploitation of the platform? Why don’t they leave? The cruel reality is that they have no better choice. Besides, they don’t do it, and some people do it. Of course, how to ensure the safety of employees is an unshirkable responsibility of enterprises in a normal society.

Secondly, China’s industrialization and urbanization were completed in just 40 years. Therefore, in many fields, although our bodies have entered the post-industrial cities, our heads are still stuck in the agricultural society in the 19th century. In the long agricultural era, our nation has evolved a set of social norms, cultural customs and systems that are suitable for agricultural production. These are deeply branded into the spirit and mind of our nation and will not be automatically eliminated because of the arrival of industrialization and urbanization.

Anyone who has experienced primary and secondary education in China can feel the closure and involution of the whole system: endless questions, endless repeated investment, premature germination of competition among students and lack of cooperation spirit. It is clear that the root of all this is the baton of primary and secondary education-the college entrance examination, which is a variant of the imperial examination system in the agricultural era: there are so many places for juries, and your classmates learn more, which means that your chances of winning the exam are less. If you can’t squeeze into the wooden bridge of the college entrance examination, it means that you have become a waste of the education system. The only way to break this involution situation is to develop truly high-quality vocational education, so that every child can run on the track that suits him or her, so that there is no waste in education.

Even the winner under this system, his personality and way of thinking have been reshaped by this system, and he has been made into a so-called "problem solver". The competitive environment faced by the problem writers since childhood has clear boundaries and definite contents (textbooks and examination syllabus), clear judgment standards (standard answers) and higher arbitrators (examiners and examination institutes). Therefore, the inward search, the pursuit of stability and certainty can be said to have been engraved into their cultural genes since childhood. All this is highly compatible with the working environment of "996". However, the real innovation activities in the market economy are highly uncertain, which requires us to constantly challenge and break the existing knowledge boundary. As economist Knight said, only uncertainty is the real source of profit.

A real source of the "involution" anxiety and panic that young people feel now is the great pressure to settle down in big cities. This is due to the unreachable housing prices in big cities. And the expensive housing prices in big cities stem from the expensive land prices in big cities. Is the land price in big cities expensive because they really lack land? Not so (see my essay Why Houses in Big Cities Are So Expensive, School of Business, 2020-09-03). Different from agricultural land, urban land is highly flexible. It can plan more houses inside or expand outside, and the total amount is not fixed. The real problem is that, through various planning, we have turned an originally variable element into an immutable element, artificially creating a local "involution".

At this point, readers have probably seen that the so-called involution is nothing more than eight words: small-scale peasant economy and small-scale peasant thought.

(The author Xi Xican is an assistant professor at the School of Economics of Fudan University, with a doctorate in economics)

△ Coppergraph, the execution method of four horses dismembered

2. Rulers’ ruling tools

With the beginning of the new millennium, more and more laws pursue social peace. These laws are mainly to limit the occurrence of conflicts and resist the use of violence by nobles. Of course, when dealing with certain felons, it is also possible to adopt the death penalty. In the 11th century, the death penalty is only applicable to people without freedom. At the beginning of the 12th century, both cities and villages showed their yearning for peace, and physical punishment and death penalty gradually became important, but these punishments were usually exempted by paying fines. Since the 12th century, the church has intensified its persecution of those who deviate from the Catholic Church.

In 1199, the Pope issued an order to identify heresy as the same as the crime of killing the emperor, thus providing a legal basis for the use of the death penalty to eradicate heretics. In the crusade against the Albi Sect, a religious group in South France, the French monarch systematically used the death penalty to deal with pagans for the first time since 1209. The first secular monarch to enact laws to punish pagans by burning at stake was Friedrich II of Hohenstaufen dynasty.

Since then, relevant laws have been promulgated one after another. In 1231, Pope Gregory IX defined the duties of the Inquisition, thus establishing a set of legal trial procedures for pagans.

In the legal documents of the 12th and 13th centuries, the number of death penalty used to eradicate heretics rose sharply, which led Victor Acht to conclude in 1951 that "the birth of the death penalty began in the 12th and 13th centuries", which was also the title of his book "The Birth of the Death Penalty".

Of course, this view has also been criticized. Critics believe that it is easy to make people mistakenly think that there was no death penalty before that. We would like to explain here that since the 12th century, there have been more and more records of aristocratic rulers punishing crimes with the death penalty in legal documents, which shows that the death penalty has gradually become the ruling tool of rulers. As for the actual application scale of the death penalty, the records in the literature are not so clear.

The use of the death penalty was recorded throughout the Middle Ages. Of course, until the end of the Middle Ages, the death penalty occurred almost exclusively in the areas ruled by kings and principalities. From the early medieval literature, we can often find cases in which the king sentenced criminals to hang. However, it is doubtful that monarchs and princes began to regularly sentence prisoners to death in the heyday of the Middle Ages. Heinrich I, Duke of Silesia, once listened to the advice of his wife Hedwig, instead of punishing criminals with the death penalty, he sent criminals to build Trebnitz Monastery until the crime was redeemed. This practice has been widely praised.

In addition, the extent to which the king used the death penalty should not be overestimated. As for the record that Karl the Great executed all 4,500 captured Saxons in one day in Verdun in 782, it still sounds quite legendary, and its authenticity is still controversial.

According to records, most of the death penalty cases in the Middle Ages were related to political rebellion and military conflicts. In 899, a woman was tied to a post and hanged because she confessed to taking part in poisoning the Emperor Anulf after torture.

　For mutinies and uprisings, medieval rulers often adopted the method of putting the traitor leader to death, so as to make an example of them. According to the small chronicle of Sicily, in 1232, the city of Messina launched an uprising against the Hohenstaufen emperor Friedrich II. Friedrich II led the army to occupy Messina the following year, and claimed to forgive all the insurgents for their crimes, but a few days later he broke his word and executed several insurgents.

It can be seen that until the end of the Middle Ages, the death penalty was mainly used by princes for revenge and was the winner’s justice.

△ The most severe "pull-up" torture

3. Death penalty jurisdiction means money.

Compared with princes, the rulers of cities are not inferior. In 1333, there was a serious conflict between Walter von Grozek and Strasbourg, Zurich, Bern, Lucerne and Basel. The reason is that Walter attacked businessmen in these cities. The conflict ended in Walter’s Waterloo, and his palace in Alsace was ransacked. The city that won the victory quickly sent all the captured more than 50 soldiers to the guillotine.

If the death penalty is regarded as the revenge of the princes in the late Middle Ages and the justice of the winners, it is not surprising that the princes used the death penalty to mediate some misfortunes or unhappiness in the ruling areas.

In 1500, the Duke of Albrecht of Saxony died. He is called "Albrecht the Tolerant", but there is a story circulating among the people that is not commensurate with this title.

In a game, Duke Albrecht lost to an infantryman for many years. Later, he tried to settle the debt with the infantryman, but the infantryman refused. In a rage, Albrecht called the executioner and ordered him to take the stubborn infantry to the guillotine. Only then did the infantry realize their dangerous situation, and hurriedly asked Albrecht for forgiveness, claiming that they were willing to give up their debts, but it was too late. Albrecht the Tolerant did not show any tolerance, and the infantry was taken away and beheaded.

As for unwelcome women, some people use similar methods to eradicate them. King Henry VIII of England is a very famous example. He guillotined two of his six wives, Anna Boleyn and catherine howard, on the grounds that they had committed treason.

Although this may have angered some contemporaries in the 16th century, Henry acted according to the medieval tradition.

The imperial free city holds the jurisdiction of death penalty in its own hands, which has a great influence on the history of death penalty. On the one hand, these imperial free cities set out to establish civil self-government institutions, on the other hand, they also tried to bring sovereignty into the hands of city councils.

On October 19th, 1331, King John of Bohemia granted the breslau Parliament the jurisdiction of death penalty. Prior to this, the high judicial power (death penalty jurisdiction) was in the hands of the Speaker, who had to be a citizen of breslau, but formally did not obey the Parliament.

In Nuremberg, according to a privilege granted by Friedrich II in 1219, the speaker of the royal family holds both high judicial power and low judicial power. The goal of parliament is to get judicial power from the royal family, because judicial power is regarded as a core tool to maintain power and rule. In 1480, a jurist in Nuremberg believed that the royal judicial power was gallows and ropes.

In the 14th century, the Nuremberg Parliament basically mastered the lower judicial power. Gross, a member of the aristocratic family, got the position of speaker in 1339 by mortgage. Although the post was briefly returned to the hands of the military chief of Nuremberg Castle, it became the collateral of Nuremberg City in 1385 and was mortgaged for a long time a few years later. Finally, in 1427, the border governor Friedrich transferred the castle to Nuremberg City, together with various powers of the military chief of Nuremberg Castle. As a result, the Nuremberg parliament finally mastered the position of speaker, although formally, the parliament is not the owner of high judicial power.

We can list many cities, but the results are almost the same. First, the governor position was obtained from the upper class of the city through mortgage, and then the mayor and parliament obtained the death penalty jurisdiction through various channels. In 1387, in a special decree, King wenzel confirmed that Frankfurt had independent jurisdiction over the death penalty. In 1400, the king granted the same power to the Zurich City Council. In 1415, St. Gallen obtained the jurisdiction of death penalty, and Eichstadt only got this power in 1446.

And the lubricant among them is all money. Like every ruling title, death penalty jurisdiction means real money, so it will be bought, sold and mortgaged.

4. The dark side of urban modernization

As for why these big cities have often executed the death penalty since 1400, there is still no convincing explanation. We can only find some general reasons.

Since the 14th century, Free City and Imperial Free City have implemented the policy of residents’ autonomy to a great extent, and pursued a different social model from aristocratic areas. If we follow Max Weber’s theory that "the state is an entity with a monopoly position in the legal use of violence", then these cities will be the first pioneers in the gradual formation of the concept of the state in the late Middle Ages, because the most important purpose of urban policy is to safeguard rights and peace.

In order to achieve peace unconditionally, we must crack down on any form of violence and self-administration of justice through coercive measures by those in power, one of which is punishment.

However, it is too simple to think that the increase of death penalty cases in the Middle Ages is only a counterattack by the authorities against violence. Because it was mainly thieves who were sentenced to death at that time, safeguarding rights and peace first meant stabilizing and maintaining the existing property distribution. "Cities began to … gradually penetrate into all areas of citizens’ lives by formulating and managing rules and regulations, so as to achieve the goal of fairness, peace and win-win."

　Generally speaking, the urban history in the late Middle Ages is described as a successful history. "Medieval cities were the embryos of modern countries. In the strict hierarchical society in the Middle Ages, cities showed signs of typical characteristics of modern countries in the fields of constitution, management, bourgeoisie, organization, police force, finance, social economy and welfare undertakings."

The death penalty is the dark side of urban modernization in the late Middle Ages. William Ebbell regarded the late Middle Ages as a "greenhouse for modern ruling countries". As the ruler, the city is the direct promoter of the birth of the executioner profession.

As a profession, executioner was first mentioned in Augustburg and Lubeck at the end of 13th century. In the 14th century, there were more and more records about executioners. But even a big city like Frankfurt did not have its own executioner until 1373.

Until the 16th century, many cities executed the death penalty by renting executioners from neighboring big cities. Schaaffhausen, for example, often turned to konstanz and Zurich for help. Executioners in Nuremberg and Munich are also often invited to help in the execution ground in neighboring cities. In addition, at the end of the Middle Ages, the executioner profession began to have a full-time division of labor.

In the early Middle Ages, executioners were also responsible for supervising slaughterhouses, catching stray dogs, and supervising casinos and regional brothels. In the late Middle Ages, executioners only had to torture and execute criminals.

This process of full-time division of labor is another powerful evidence that the number of death sentences rose sharply in the 15th century.

5. History of fear and conflict

The history of the death penalty was a history of fear and conflict until the 16th century. It is mainly reflected in the fact that if the request for pardon of prisoners is rejected, it may lead to diplomatic and political conflicts, which is much more serious than the execution of prisoners.

Rulers have always been afraid of retaliation, afraid that the verdict may bring trouble, and the most straightforward embodiment is to set up a special oath institution. Until the 17th century, every prisoner who got out of prison had to promise in writing that he would not take revenge after he got out of prison.

In addition to fear of revenge, rulers are also afraid of actions to save prisoners. In 1427, the city of Paris announced that Suwadji de Fremont Villas, the enemy of the city, would be hanged.

However, the execution process is very strange. The judge and the executioner were so anxious that they didn’t even let Suwadji repent and sent him directly to the gallows. During the execution, the rope was broken. According to the practice at that time, the hanged man should be pardoned when the rope was broken, but the judge ordered the executioner to execute again. This time, Suwadji died.

The recorder explained why the executioner was in a hurry to execute, which was contrary to the usual practice. Before the execution, there was a risk that Suwadji would be rescued. Suwadji had many powerful relatives who would try to rescue him.

In 1501, Kopf, a resident of Munich, was burned blind due to severe abuse of his wife, and then left Munich with his brother Sigmund. Both of them said that the city and duke of Munich deprived them of their rights and would be at odds with the city of Munich, which is why the two brothers attacked and robbed Munich businessmen, set fires in the suburbs of Munich and did other things that were not conducive to Munich for many years.

In the early 16th century, even a powerful city like Nuremberg had to consider the possible political and military consequences of executing a prisoner. In 1501, in order to prevent Hans von Seckendorf from sending troops to rescue ulrich Blumenschein, an aristocratic robber sentenced to death, the Nuremberg Parliament specially set up a patrol knight in front of Nuremberg City during the execution, because Seckendorf had made a lot of efforts to rescue Blumenschein before, but failed.

In 1508, at the request of the Bishop of Wü rzburg, Nuremberg arrested the robber Kanz Roesler. The Bishop motioned for Roesler to be sentenced to death on charges of undermining the peace of the city-state. However, before making a decision, members of the Nuremberg parliament discussed: If the death penalty is imposed, in case it causes dissatisfaction among the surrounding knights and leads to violent conflicts, whether Nuremberg City can accept it.

Finally, Parliament decided to sentence Roesler to death. At the same time, the parliament sent two explanatory letters to the surrounding knights. As for the powerful neighbor, the border governor of Brandenburg-ansbach, the parliament also sent someone to state the reasons for Roesler’s death sentence.

This abstract is selected from History of Death Penalty in Europe, published by CITIC Publishing Group/Chu Chen Culture in September 2018.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, August 20th 　Topic: Experts from developing countries discuss the development of China.

　　Xinhua news agency reporter

　　China’s development achievements in the new era have attracted worldwide attention, attracting more and more overseas people to explore the ideological source and scientific practice behind it. Recently, the National High-end Think Tank of Xinhua News Agency released "The Development Code for a Modern Power — — The characteristics of the times and practical value of the supreme leader’s economic thought and the "second combination" to change China — — The English and French versions of the two think tank reports "Theoretical Innovation and Practice of Building a Modern Civilization of the Chinese Nation" have attracted the attention and heated discussion of the industry in developing countries.

　　Many experts and scholars from developing countries believe that the supreme leader’s economic thought has distinctive China characteristics, which provides a powerful ideological guide for Chinese modernization and provides China wisdom and China’s plan for promoting world economic development.

　　Charles Onunaiju, director of Nigerian China Research Center, said that China has put people’s interests, needs and happiness at the core of development, helped hundreds of millions of people get rid of poverty, and its achievements have attracted worldwide attention. He said that the biggest challenge on the African continent is poverty, so we should learn from China and take targeted measures to improve people’s living conditions and achieve sustainable development. Onunaiju emphasized that Chinese-style modernization promotes a better combination of the government and the effective market, and gives full play to the positive role of the government in strategic planning and policy formulation, while respecting market rules and releasing the vitality of market players. This model has also achieved a series of concrete results in China-Africa cooperation, providing valuable enlightenment for the economic development of African countries.

　　On June 5, 2008, maintenance personnel planted saplings at the place where the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences cooperated with the Nigerian African Desertification Control Initiative. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Jun)

　　Dylan pascua, editor-in-chief of Brazil’s Financial Information Group, believes that China adheres to the "people-oriented" concept and allows people to participate in the development process, providing a model for the economic and social development of developing countries.

　　Austin Thomas, editor of Sierra Leone’s Awok newspaper, studied in China and was deeply impressed by the achievements made by China. Thomas said that African countries need to learn from China’s wisdom, constantly meet the needs of people’s life and development, and focus on long-term interests to promote sustainable development.

　　Tidiane Gadio, former Senegalese foreign minister and president of the Pan-African Institute for Strategic Studies, said that the Supreme Leader proposed to build a community of human destiny, which strongly promoted cooperation among developing countries and promoted common prosperity. Gadio emphasized that under the current international environment, China has played an important role in promoting the recovery and growth of the world economy. In particular, China-Africa cooperation has been further strengthened and new achievements have been made, which fully embodies the development concept of inclusiveness, mutual benefit and win-win.

　　Costantino Berhutes, a professor at Addis Ababa University, said that China adheres to the people-oriented principle and development priority, promotes the construction of an open world economy, and helps developing countries better integrate into global industrial chains and value chains. By jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative and proposing global development initiatives, China has provided new ways to solve global development problems and promoted cooperation among countries to meet common challenges facing mankind.

　　This is the interior of the headquarters building of the African Center for Disease Control and Prevention, which was filmed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on January 8. On January 11th, China officially completed the project of assisting the African Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Phase I). (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Dong Jianghui)

　　Elliot Doyle, president of Brazil Telecom, said that China seeks friendly cooperation with other countries, helps Asian, African and Latin American countries achieve development based on its own experience, and continues to pursue peace, progress and prosperity, setting a very positive example for other developing countries in many fields. Doyle said that developing countries such as Brazil should make joint efforts with China to continuously promote the development of multilateralism.

　　On July 12th, tourists took a group photo with BYD pure electric bus in kamps, Sao Paulo, Brazil. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang Tiancong)

　　Melere Mulindabigwe, CEO of Time News Network, a mainstream Rwandan media, said that China regards Africa as an equal partner, and China-Africa cooperation has become a model for cooperation among developing countries. China has continuously promoted infrastructure construction and economic and trade cooperation projects in Africa, so that African people can gain development opportunities from cooperation.

　　Cavens Adehir, a Kenyan expert on international issues, believes that China advocates that all countries help each other in the same boat, not only pursuing justice in the process of development, but also sharing the fruits of development with other countries. The China concept resonates all over the world, reflecting the common aspiration of developing countries.

　　Xinhua News Agency, United Nations, August 21st-Zhang Jun, Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations, made a speech at the open meeting of the Security Council on the question of Palestine in the Middle East on the 21st, calling on the international community to make firm political will, effective diplomatic actions and decisive collective efforts to prevent the situation between Palestine and Israel from getting completely out of control and promote a comprehensive, just and lasting settlement of the Palestinian question.

　　Zhang Jun pointed out that we should resolutely oppose violence and incitement to violence and earnestly safeguard international law. For some time, the high fever on the ground in Palestine and Israel has persisted, negative events have occurred one after another, and the cycle of violence has intensified, causing a large number of civilian casualties. China is deeply concerned about this. China condemns all violence against civilians, the killing and aggression against children, and opposes the excessive use of force by security forces. All parties concerned must maintain calm and restraint, and the occupying party should earnestly fulfill its obligations under international law and effectively ensure the safety of people and property in the occupied territories.

　　Zhang Jun said that the brutal expansion of settlements continued to change the status quo in the occupied territories, which violated international law and Security Council resolutions and further aggravated the confrontation between Palestine and Israel. China strongly urges to stop all settlement activities and curb the growing settler violence. The religious holy places in Jerusalem are related to the religious feelings of believers. We must take a clear-cut stand against irresponsible provocation and incitement, earnestly respect the historical status quo of religious holy places, and respect Jordan’s jurisdiction over the holy places.

　　Zhang Jun said that it is necessary to promote economic development and effectively protect people’s livelihood. China calls on Israel to relax and lift the unreasonable restrictions on the movement of people and goods and land use in the occupied territories, create conditions for the development of Palestinian communities in the West Bank and lift the blockade of the Gaza Strip as soon as possible. China calls on the international community to pay attention to and support the needs of the Palestinian economy and people’s livelihood, provide humanitarian assistance and help the Palestinian side alleviate the financial crisis.

　　Zhang Jun stressed the need to honor international commitments and effectively promote the "two-state plan". The international community must put the Palestinian issue at a higher priority on the international agenda. The United Nations and the Security Council must take strong actions to promote the "two-state solution" with a sense of urgency, shoulder the responsibilities entrusted by the Charter of the United Nations, and earnestly safeguard fairness and justice.

　　Zhang Jun said that China welcomes the recent tripartite summit between Egypt, Jordan and Palestine, and supports the convening of a larger, more authoritative and more influential international peace conference to create conditions for the resumption of peace talks. China is willing to continue to work with the international community to make unremitting efforts to achieve a comprehensive, just and lasting settlement of the Palestinian issue at an early date and promote lasting peace and stability in the Middle East.

　　CCTV News:Recently, People’s Daily published three articles in succession, namely Happy and Auspicious, Happy New Year and Happy New Year, First Successful Realization of Real-time Transmission Test of 5G Network VR in China, and First Successful Realization of 5G Network Transmission Test of 4K Ultra HD TV in China, to warm up the CCTV Spring Festival Evening in 2019.

　　The People’s Daily reports on Happy and Auspicious New Year and Happy New Year are as follows:

　　With the approach of the Spring Festival, CCTV’s "2019 Spring Festival Gala", which is expected by Chinese people all over the world, will be unveiled. As the first Spring Festival Gala after the establishment of the Central Radio and Television General Station, this year’s Spring Festival Gala will be based on the theme of "Striving for a New Era and Celebrating a Happy Year", insisting on integrity and innovation, carrying forward the main theme and transmitting positive energy, and striving to present a happy, peaceful and jubilant atmosphere for the Chinese people all over the world.

　　Laughter, Innovation and Breakthrough of Language Program surprise gift

　　Crosstalk and sketch have always been the most anticipated and concerned on the stage of Spring Festival Evening. The language program of the Spring Festival Gala in 2019 will gather the strongest lineup of the national comedy industry, which is closely related to people’s livelihood hotspots and more grounded. For example, honest communication between people, mutual understanding between consumers and service providers, exposing market fraud, whipping formalism bureaucracy and other works, and striving to present social hotspots with humorous bridges and innovative ways, so that the audience’s laughter can penetrate the applause and resonate.

　　The cast of this year’s Spring Festival Gala language program is also very strong, gathering a new generation of crosstalk actors, popular talk show actors, film and television actors and comedy powerful actors. The lineup is unique, and the cross-border combination effect is full of surprises, covering audiences of different ages in an all-round way and striving to meet the needs of different audiences.

　　Singing and dancing make the Spring Festival fashion classics spread

　　This year’s song and dance programs are bold and innovative, with beautiful melodies and far-reaching implications. The program group mobilized the enthusiasm of all sectors of society, mobilized the creative enthusiasm of the majority of songwriters, created excellent programs and created a number of excellent programs.

　　Song programs will be divided into Chinese dream songs, songs celebrating the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China, classic old songs, songs of the year, healthy and progressive bel canto, ethnic and pop songs. There are not only classic songs that have been circulated for a long time and have a strong mass base, but also fashionable new songs that are favored by young audiences. At the same time, there are new songs that warm people and hearts and express the feelings of Chinese sons and daughters. In terms of dance, it brings together various dance forms such as folk dance, square dance, ballet, street dance and children’s dance. Song and dance programs strive to get into the brain, the heart and the mood while ensuring the quality.

　　Four seas stunts gather together, five lakes famous artists send the Spring Festival.

　　This year’s Spring Festival Gala’s opera program is led by Peking Opera, with four local operas such as Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera and Cantonese Opera as the mainstay, and supported by first-class famous artists and outstanding actors, so that the audience can appreciate the beauty, strangeness, cleverness and interest of China opera, and at the same time appreciate the long-standing charm and the elegant demeanor of the times of Chinese excellent traditional culture.

　　The magic of this Spring Festival Evening will be based on the concept of "integration and interaction". The magician will fully show the magic with "small and beautiful" performances through daily objects close to life, so that the audience can feel the magic and charm of magic and convey the good wishes of reunion and celebration and a family on both sides of the strait.

　　The whole media strongly spread the New Year’s greetings and added joy.

　　In 2019, CCTV Spring Festival Evening will realize all-media communication for the first time. Among them, while watching the Spring Festival Gala on the mobile phone, Baidu Company and Tik Tok (ByteDance) continued to add a festive atmosphere to the party by innovating the linkage mode of large and small screens, and delivered sincere wishes.

　　This year’s Spring Festival Gala will achieve an innovative breakthrough in the interactive form of red envelopes. Viewers only need to watch the Spring Festival Gala on their mobile phones through Baidu APP, and have the opportunity to get different types of red envelope surprises.

　　At the same time, with the theme of "Happy Another Year", the Spring Festival Evening launched a new media campaign covering the whole world on the official account of Tik Tok. Use short video to record the small happiness and great beauty during the Spring Festival, show the strong flavor of the year and the atmosphere of reunion, show a happy, auspicious and beaming happy life, and realize the big party of Chinese people all over the world.

　　The bell of the new year is about to ring. In 2019, CCTV Spring Festival Gala will fully reflect the strong cohesion, centripetal force and influence of China TV industry, and make every effort to build a high-level Spring Festival Gala with strong confidence, gathering people’s hearts, warming people’s hearts and building one heart. On the New Year’s Eve, the Central Radio and Television Headquarters will meet you, so be there or be square!

　

　　The People’s Daily report on "China’s first successful VR real-time production and transmission test in 5G network" is as follows:

　　The 2019 CCTV Spring Festival Gala, which has already started rehearsing, will bring viewers a panoramic preview of 5G network transmission and a brand-new experience in the Spring Festival Evening Waiting Hall and two sub-venues in Changchun and Shenzhen. This is the result of the successful transmission test of 5G network VR real-time production.

　　On January 28th, CCTV, together with China Unicom and Huawei, launched the real-time production and transmission test of 5G network VR in Changchun, Jilin, providing technical verification and preparation for the application of 5G live broadcast in Changchun Branch of the Spring Festival Evening. This is another important test conducted by China’s first 5G media application laboratory after the successful implementation of 4K TV transmission on the 5G network on January 13th. It is a major breakthrough in promoting the construction of 5G new media platform by the Central Radio and Television General Station, which indicates that the General Station has taken a solid step in building a world-class new mainstream media with strong leading power, communication power and influence, keeping pace with the times, boldly applying new technologies and accelerating the integration and development.

　　In the next CCTV Spring Festival Evening warm-up program, the Central Radio and Television General Station will realize VR panoramic interaction, bringing viewers a brand-new visual experience. At the same time, a batch of VR short videos will be produced and put on the new media platform to provide viewers with an immersive Spring Festival Evening viewing experience.

　　Since the end of 2018, the Central Radio and Television General Station has promoted the real-time production and transmission of 5G network VR, provided technical support for the new media and new platform of the General Station, and promoted the in-depth development of media integration.

　

　　The People’s Daily report on "China’s First Successful Implementation of 5G Network Transmission Test of 4K Ultra HD TV" is as follows:

　　After 36 years of CCTV Spring Festival Evening, China will realize the first 5G network transmission of 4K ultra-high-definition content at this year’s Shenzhen branch.

　　On January 13th, China Central Radio and Television General Station, together with China Mobile and Huawei, successfully carried out the 4K TV transmission test of 5G network in Shenzhen. Shen Haixiong, Vice Minister of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China and Director of Central Radio and Television Station, Wang Weizhong, Deputy Secretary of Guangdong Provincial Party Committee and Secretary of Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee, Fu Hua, member of the Standing Committee of Guangdong Provincial Party Committee and Minister of Propaganda Department, and heads of relevant enterprises attended the launching ceremony of 4K TV transmission test on 5G network and delivered speeches. Through China Mobile’s 5G test network, this transmission test successfully transmitted the 4K ultra-high definition signal of Shenzhen Branch of CCTV Spring Festival Evening back to the Beijing Computer Room of the Central Radio and Television Station, and at the same time transmitted the 4K ultra-high definition Beijing landscape signal of the main station to the main station in Shenzhen Branch to broadcast the real-time signal of the auto show, thus making technical verification and preparation for the application of 5G technology in the Spring Festival Evening of 2019.

　　The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently issued guidelines to remind the public to be alert to the risk of measles and to be vaccinated against measles before international travel.

　　In a guide released this week, the CDC said that in the first five months of this year, the number of measles cases in the United States increased compared with the same period last year. As of June 8, there were 16 confirmed cases of measles reported in the United States, 88% of which were related to international travel. Most of these cases are children who have not been vaccinated with measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR vaccine).

　　According to the CDC, according to current estimates, the number of Americans planning to travel abroad in 2023 is twice that in 2022. Many countries and popular tourist destinations, including Britain, have broken out measles in recent years. The public should be vaccinated in time, especially before international travel, to prevent measles infection and imported transmission.

　　According to the CDC, measles is highly contagious, mainly through direct contact with droplets spread when infected people breathe, cough or sneeze. The initial symptoms of infection include fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, etc., and a rash appears after 2 to 4 days. Measles can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death. At present, there is no specific drug, and the most effective way to prevent measles is vaccination.