At present, the changes in the past century have accelerated the evolution, and the recovery of the world economy has been hindered and long. What is the development prospect of the global industrial chain supply chain? How can countries strengthen cooperation and jointly safeguard the security and stability of the global industrial chain supply chain? On March 28th, at the sub-forum of "New Pattern of Industrial Chain and Supply Chain" held during the 2023 annual meeting of Boao Forum for Asia, experts, scholars and business leaders from home and abroad got together to talk about development, and "unity and cooperation" and "openness and tolerance" became high-frequency words.

　　"No matter the COVID-19 epidemic, geopolitical conflicts, the downturn of the world economy and global warming, any challenge is related to the present and the future. Faced with these challenges, the voice of the international community for strengthening cooperation and promoting development is even louder and the desire is even stronger. " Li Baodong, Secretary General of Boao Forum for Asia, said at the press conference of the annual meeting.

　　"As far as we are concerned, whether it is resource investment or profit income, there is a considerable proportion and co-construction ‘ Belt and Road ’ Closely related. " Feng Bo, deputy general manager of China Ocean Shipping Group, said, "Thanks to open cooperation, we have made great progress in the process of international development."

　　In Feng Bo’s view, globalization is characterized by mutual integration and common destiny. In addition to sharing achievements, it is also necessary to share responsibilities. "In response to climate change, all countries and enterprises have the responsibility to meet the requirements of carbon reduction, environmental protection and green. Green and low-carbon transformation will breed new markets such as clean energy and promote the iterative upgrading of the industrial chain supply chain. "

　　Liang Weite, Chairman of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Construction Macau Committee of Boao Forum for Asia, said: "Building together ‘ Belt and Road ’ Driven by this, we have built a lot of infrastructure, and we also pay attention to making friends and sharing development achievements. "

　　The 2023 Annual Report on Asian Economic Prospects and Integration Process released during the 2023 annual meeting of Boao Forum for Asia pointed out that China maintains a dominant position in the trade of intermediate products in Asia. Among the 22 kinds of intermediate products with the largest transaction volume, China has 20 kinds in the leading position. Asian economies are playing an irreplaceable role in the global value chain, and the process of regional production, trade, investment integration and financial integration will be accelerated.

　　Bei Zhemin, managing partner of Oliver Wyman Consulting, said that China plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the global industrial chain supply chain. In recent years, China’s industrial structure has been accelerated, and China’s manufacturing has strong competitiveness, and it is shifting to the middle and high end of the industrial chain.

　　Yao Yang, president of the National Development Research Institute of Peking University, believes that China has huge market scale and complete industrial chain advantages, and will continue to become the manufacturing center of the world.

　　China’s super-large-scale market has released a strong "magnet effect", which continues to attract foreign investors to increase their investment in China market. Ferry, head of Asia-Pacific region of Fen Cantieny Group, said: "The huge potential of China market is something we can’t ignore."

　　The stable operation of industrial chain supply chain is the key to smooth economic cycle. At present, the global industrial chain supply chain is being deeply reshaped, and transnational investment is becoming nearshore, localized and regionalized, which makes the industrial chain supply chain shorter and more flexible.

　　"In the global industrial chain supply chain, everyone is closely linked, and no one can be immune to it. All countries need to cooperate to solve the problems they face." Feng Bo believes that from the perspective of enterprises, it is necessary to adopt a development mode of integration and cooperation to make the supply chain more resilient and sustainable.

　　Practice the concept of mutual respect, win-win cooperation, and take practical actions to make development achievements better benefit people of all countries, which has become the common aspiration of experts, scholars and business leaders attending the meeting.

　　Li Baodong expressed the hope that through the discussion at the annual meeting, we can explore certainty in an uncertain world, promote solidarity and cooperation among all countries in the world, adhere to openness and tolerance, and better promote development.

Original HGFI Hainan Green Finance Research Institute included in the collection #ESG data 1 #ESG indicator 1 #ESG disclosure 1 # rating company 1 # investment decision 1.

Wen | Ji Yufei

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First, there is a huge difference in ESG rating between domestic and foreign rating companies.

(1) ESG ratings of international rating companies vary greatly.

(2) ESG ratings of domestic rating companies are equally different.

Second, the current data problems in ESG evaluation

(1) The original data is inconsistent.

(2) reference datum selection is arbitrary.

(3) The estimation of replacement value is uncertain.

Iii. suggestions

(1) Enterprises should continuously report comparable ESG data.

(2) Investors should promote enterprises to disclose relevant ESG indicators.

(3) The Exchange shall formulate mandatory requirements or guidelines for ESG disclosure.

(4) Data suppliers should disclose their data processing methods as much as possible.

And reach an industry consensus

In recent years, ESG rating, as the basis of value judgment to guide investors’ investment decisions, has been paid more and more attention by international investors, and domestic investors have also begun to pay attention to ESG information disclosure and rating. However, the ESG data collected by rating companies, especially the methods of data processing, are quite different, and the ESG rating results of different rating companies are also very different, which seriously affects the use of ESG rating by investors. As the most important input to support the function of ESG indicator system, the way of processing data will directly affect the scoring results of related indicators. This paper intends to do some exploration and research on the data processing in ESG evaluation.

1. There is a huge difference in ESG rating between domestic and foreign rating companies.

The rating results of ESG by different rating companies are very different at home and abroad.

(A) ESG ratings of international rating companies vary greatly.

Billio et al.(2021) studied and compared the ESG rating results of MSCI (morgan stanley capital international), Refinitiv (Luft), Sustainability Analytics (a product of Morningstar) and RobecoSAM (the data source of Dow Jones Sustainability Index [1]), and found that the average correlation between these rating results was only 0.58 (lowest 0.43, highest 0.69). The average probability of coincidence between these rating results is only 24% (minimum 19%, maximum 28%) [2], and the low correlation and low coincidence probability of rating results [3] mean that the rating results of different rating companies are very different.

The following table shows the ESG rating results of Nissan Motor Co., Ltd, Verizon Communications Inc, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Corp. and Goodman Group by four rating companies, and the differences are obvious. Among them, the rating range of Refinitiv, Sustainalytics and RobecoSAM is 0 to 100, while the rating range of MSCI is from CCC to AAA.

Scoring results of different international ESG rating companies (2021)

Source: Billio et al.(2021)

This huge rating difference will make market investors feel at a loss, and it is difficult to make investment value judgments and investment decisions.

(B) ESG ratings of domestic rating companies are equally different.

There are many domestic ESG rating companies, including Wonder, Weizhong Lanyue, Jiashi, China Securities Index, Dingli Corporate Governance, Green Business, China Securities Carbon Neutralization, Social Value Investment Alliance and so on. According to Wonder’s data, four domestic listed companies, China Resources Micro, China Petroleum, Shengli Precision and China Pharmaceutical, are randomly selected. Through comparison, we can find the differences between the ratings: Wonder gives China Resources Micro AA rating, while Weizhong only gives B rating; Social Value Investment Alliance gives China Petroleum AA- rating, while Shangdao Ronglv only gives B+ rating; Huazheng Carbon Neutralization gives Shengli Precision a ranking of 65/4040, while Harvest only gives a ranking of 3478/4569. FTSE Russell gave China Pharmaceutical a 33/76 industry ranking, while Dingli Corporate Governance only gave a 59/79 industry ranking.

Scoring results of different domestic ESG rating companies on China Resources Micro.

Source: Wonder

Scoring results of China Petroleum by different domestic ESG rating companies.

Source: Wonder

Second, the current data problems in ESG evaluation

The ESG ratings of rating companies to enterprises are very different. On the one hand, the goals and values, design principles of rating system and selection rules of indicators of rating companies are different, which leads to different rating results. On the other hand, the data problem is also an important reason for the huge difference in the results of different rating companies. Different rating companies have different channels and quality of obtaining data and different methods of processing data, which will also bring great differences in rating results.

In the current ESG rating, in terms of data acquisition and processing, there are some problems to be solved, such as poor consistency of original data, arbitrary selection of reference standards, and uncertain replacement process of lost values.

(A) the original data is highly inconsistent

The "inconsistency" here does not emphasize the difference of information sources, but emphasizes that the multi-dimensional attributes of the original data samples (such as specific wording, measurement angle, data unit and other formal attributes, as well as statistical attributes such as average, standard deviation and extreme value) are very different.

Rating companies generally collect the original ESG data from the annual sustainable development report or ESG report disclosed by enterprises every year. However, the consistency of relevant data in the annual sustainable development reports or ESG reports of different enterprises is very low. Taking the topic of "labor health and safety" as an example, Kotsantonis and Serafeim(2019) randomly selected the sustainable development reports of 50 large listed companies in Fortune 500 (Fortune 500), and collected the information manually by the author. The indicators used to describe the topic of "labor health and safety" are as follows: lost time (frequency), lost time (accident rate per 100 people, 5,000 people, and 200,000 people), injuries that lead to lost time, accident rate, accidents that require vacations, days lost due to injuries, financial losses due to accidents, injuries that lead to more than one day lost, injury rate, and days lost rate. Time loss of less than 61 days caused by occupational illness or injury, time lost (serious accident rate), number of accidents, number of accidents without time loss, number of lost working days, number of serious accidents, injury rate per 200,000 hours of work, reduction of working days caused by work-related injuries, claimed time lost, time lost, number of accidents of occupational diseases, occupational illness rate, occupational illness rate and occupational disease rate.

Faced with such diverse data forms, it is difficult to determine which indicator is the best indicator to measure the performance of enterprises on the topic of "labor health and safety". Moreover, the units of these indicators are not the same, including no units, ratios, percentages and other different units. Most importantly, the statistical distribution characteristics (mean, standard deviation, extreme value, etc.) of different indicators are obviously different, which makes it very difficult to compare and integrate data across indicators [4].

The real problem is that when enterprises disclose the performance of a certain topic, they often only choose the most favorable indicators for their own enterprises to disclose. Rating companies (data providers) can’t obtain multiple indicators for the same enterprise, but in the face of various indicators provided by many enterprises, each rating company (data provider) has its own processing methods, and the inconsistency of the original data disclosed by each enterprise ultimately lies in the differences in the integration process of the original data of each rating company. The core problem here is that there is the data of the enterprise before the rating standard, and the defects of the data itself will naturally be left in the rating results [5].

(B) reference benchmark selection is arbitrary.

Even if there is no difference in the original data, different ESG rating companies have different scores on the same performance of the same enterprise. One of the important reasons is that the selection of scoring reference benchmarks is very arbitrary. Setting up different "reference benchmarks", that is, double standards or flexible standards, is an effective means to systematically change the scoring results for the same (same type) enterprise.

Rating companies can choose to evaluate all enterprises under a unified reference standard; Enterprises can also be classified according to the characteristics of industry and country, and multiple parallel reference benchmarks can be set up, and only enterprises belonging to the same subclass can be evaluated under their corresponding reference benchmarks.

Using a unified reference frame, the scoring results are comparable across industries, but the scoring results inevitably produce industry bias. Taking environmental issues as an example, the performance of the oil and gas industry will naturally be lower than that of commercial banks. If only some enterprises are evaluated under the same reference standard, the industry deviation of the scoring results is small, but the cross-industry comparability of the scoring results is correspondingly weakened. Worse than reducing cross-category comparability, the process of classifying different enterprises and selecting reference benchmarks is not transparent. Rating companies can move the relative position of the same enterprise in the distribution corresponding to different reference benchmarks by freely selecting reference benchmarks [6], thus indirectly affecting the scoring results.

In addition, how to deal with diversified enterprises will also be a problem to be solved.

(C) The estimation of replacement value is uncertain.

The range of data required for ESG evaluation is very wide. For a specific enterprise, all the original data required for rating are often not disclosed (or cannot be provided), and missing values often appear in samples. The missing value needs to be estimated and replaced by the estimated result (replacement value), and then the evaluation process continues. At present, rating companies and data providers do not have a transparent, unified and reliable methodology to estimate the replacement value of the unavailable ESG data (that is, the lost value).

The uncertainty of the estimation process of replacement value is divided into two levels: first, there are many alternative estimation methods, and the replacement values (estimation results) given by different methods are not consistent, and each company has not fully disclosed the selection of estimation methods, accordingly, investors have no way to evaluate and interpret the estimation process and rating results of each company; Second, even if each company chooses the "optimal" estimation method, the accuracy of the estimation itself is limited by the model characteristics and statistical laws. Under the circumstances that the correlation process is difficult to model, the correlation between variables is poor, the sample size is limited, and the continuity of the estimated value is low, the estimation process cannot be guaranteed to be accurate, and the rating result using the replacement value (estimation result) cannot be guaranteed to be accurate. The first level of uncertainty comes from the disclosure choices of rating companies and data providers (that is, the estimation process is not transparent and unified), and the second level of uncertainty comes from the estimation method itself (that is, the estimation process is not reliable enough). At present, the estimation methods of replacement value (replacement method) include rule-based replacement method, input-output model replacement method, statistical replacement method and so on, and the scenarios in which these estimation methods can operate reliably and effectively are very limited.

The uncertainty of rule-based substitution method comes from the process of setting rules. The accuracy of scoring results of this substitution method depends on the precise setting of rules, and the rule-makers need a lot of industry knowledge as support. Some rules will even affect the disclosure of relevant data by enterprises, further increasing the uncertainty of data acquisition. Taking the indicator of "the number of deaths in the workplace" as an example, the rating company can set a rule that "if there is no data source, the number of deaths in the workplace is assumed to be zero". According to this rule, the scoring results will be systematically superior to the actual performance of enterprises, which also encourages enterprises to refuse to disclose relevant data in disguise (especially for those small and medium-sized enterprises with high information disclosure costs).

The replacement method of input-output model is difficult to estimate the data related to social responsibility, because compared with the laws of natural science, the laws of interaction between people are more complicated and uncertain. Therefore, the input-output model is generally used to estimate the environment-related indicators of some industries, such as estimating the output variables such as carbon dioxide emissions with input variables such as coal consumption and electricity consumption. The accuracy of the input-output model replacement method depends on the extent to which the model system can reproduce the actual behavior process of the enterprise. In the estimation of environment-related indicators in some specific industries, the consumption of raw materials and related macroeconomic variables of enterprises are easy to obtain, and the use mode and output results of raw materials are also highly deterministic in objective scientific laws. When the above conditions are met, the replacement method of input-output model can give a highly accurate estimation.

Statistical replacement method generally needs regression analysis [7], and its accuracy is limited by the availability of regression prediction input variables, the correlation between regression prediction input variables and predicted values and the continuity of predicted values. The transparency of correlation prediction (regression) process is very low, and the public can’t determine to what extent the prediction methods used by rating companies and data providers meet the requirements of statistical laws.

III. Recommendations

To solve the problems of low disclosure degree and consistency of ESG data, high arbitrariness in the selection of scoring criteria and replacement value estimation methods, it needs the joint efforts of many market participants. Here are some suggestions from the perspective of enterprises, investors, exchanges and data providers, so as to better achieve the sustainable development goals through ESG rating.

(A) enterprises should continue to report comparable ESG data.

The ESG data provided by different enterprises are very different, which involves the influence and restriction of many factors such as the market, industry, management and risks faced by enterprises. Therefore, it is particularly important for individual enterprises to choose a suitable ESG disclosure standard, and continue to disclose ESG data according to this standard, so as to maximize the comparability (or consistency, that is, the unification of data forms in the time dimension) of the data. Enterprises should be strictly self-disciplined and regularly disclose ESG data and information in a fixed format (such as tabular form similar to financial statements) in accordance with relevant regulatory requirements. Enterprises need to adjust the corporate governance structure and set up a special department to manage ESG-related risks and related data disclosure.

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and International Financial Reporting Standards Foundation (IFRS Foundation) have provided their own sustainable disclosure standards. The latter emphasizes the concerns of investors as stakeholders and uses money as a unified measure to maintain the consistency of financial statements, while the former tries to balance the concerns of wider stakeholders and give more independent recognition to the importance of different indicators. Enterprises should choose their own sustainable disclosure standards according to their own development, and qualified enterprises can also take the initiative to join higher standards of international standards to obtain international comparability.

Although the disclosure of ESG data will bring additional costs, enterprises should see that actively disclosing high-quality ESG data is an important means to attract investors and maintain their own good social image, which is beneficial to the long-term development of enterprises.

(B) Investors should promote enterprises to disclose relevant ESG indicators.

At present, although enterprises provide a large amount of ESG data and information, it is difficult for investors to make investment decisions, risk judgments or early warnings by using these incomparable data. Therefore, when investors push enterprises to disclose relevant ESG information, they should put forward clear and comparable data requirements for enterprises. For example, when an investor invests and finances an enterprise, it should be clearly stated that ESG information is also information that has a significant impact on the value of the enterprise’s securities and needs to be disclosed immediately. The enterprise should disclose ESG information together with financial information in the offer and invitation to offer and other documents (such as debt prospectus and prospectus). For enterprises that fail to fulfill their obligation to disclose ESG information, investors can also try to safeguard their own interests by legal means and promote the improvement of relevant legislation.

(3) The Exchange shall formulate mandatory requirements or guidelines for ESG disclosure.

The establishment of ESG disclosure guidelines or even mandatory requirements by the exchange can enhance the transparency of related behaviors of enterprises and help enterprises maintain good investor relations. From the practice of various exchanges, the requirements for ESG information disclosure of listed companies have become higher and higher.

In 2012, HKEx issued the ESG Report Guidelines as a voluntary disclosure proposal for listed companies. From 2016, some suggestions will be raised to the level of semi-mandatory disclosure, and the "explain without disclosure" rule will be implemented. In May 2019, HKEx issued a consultation document on the revised ESG Reporting Guidelines, and in December of the same year, the contents of the new ESG Reporting Guidelines were determined, further expanding the scope of mandatory disclosure, comprehensively adjusting the disclosure proposal to "explain without disclosure" and continuously improving the requirements for ESG information disclosure of listed companies.

China Securities Regulatory Commission has also begun to require listed companies to disclose ESG information, but it is still in its infancy. In February, 2021, CSRC issued the Guidelines on Investor Relations Management of Listed Companies (Draft for Comment), requiring the inclusion of environmental protection, social responsibility and corporate governance (ESG) information. In June, 2021, CSRC issued Contents and Format of Annual Report and Contents and Format of Semi-annual Report, adding Section V Environmental and Social Responsibility. In April, 2022, China Securities Regulatory Commission issued "Guidelines for the Management of Investor Relations in Listed Companies", which took environmental, social and governance (ESG) information as one of the contents of communication between listed companies and investors. However, there is still a lack of normative and consistent guidance for specific operations. It is suggested to formulate specific rules in these aspects and put forward requirements for disclosing specific data. The disclosure requirements of ESG data by external constraints of companies such as exchanges and investors can fundamentally solve the problems of high inconsistency of original data and high probability of missing values, thus avoiding the problem of "data comes first, standards come first".

(4) Data suppliers should disclose their data processing methods as much as possible and reach an industry consensus.

At present, the scoring methodology of ESG data providers at home and abroad is very opaque, so it is not enough to provide a list of important topics. Data providers need to describe in more detail how they define the benchmark of statistical comparison and how to deal with the key process of building rating indicators such as real data and substitute data, otherwise, the credibility of relevant ratings will be impossible for all stakeholders. On this basis, data providers should fully communicate and reach as broad a methodological consensus as possible in practice (such as reaching a consensus on the selection of reference benchmarks and replacement value estimation methods), thus reducing the randomness of ESG rating results and enhancing the readability of rating results.

Although the disclosure of data processing methods is beneficial to all stakeholders, it is not in the self-interest of data providers, and data processing methods will not be disclosed voluntarily. Data processing method is the core knowledge of data suppliers. Once it is made public, competitors in the market can quickly master it, and the market value of its data will also decline rapidly. Therefore, in order to ensure full competition and information disclosure in the data supply market, all stakeholders should support the establishment of more data suppliers who are willing to disclose their data processing methods to join the market competition. The highly transparent data processing methods respond to the demands of all stakeholders, so they are also highly competitive in the data supply market. Finally, through the full competition in the data supply market, existing data suppliers are forced to disclose their data processing methods more.

Data providers usually collect ESG information required for rating periodically every year, and the specific methods include: company questionnaire; Analyze company documents (such as sustainable development report); Interview individuals, company employees and other stakeholders (such as trade unions, NGOs, etc.); Use Natural Language Processing (a branch of artificial intelligence and linguistics) and other artificial intelligence technologies to mine unstructured data (such as TruValue Labs). By 2018, more than 100 organizations are collecting and analyzing ESG data and providing ESG ratings [8].

Data providers use the collected data to construct various indicators and sell their indicator data, although their methodology of how to construct indicators using raw data is not transparent to the public. In addition, many organizations use the secondary data [9] provided by ESG data providers to build their own ratings and rankings, and provide comprehensive index [10] solutions. Bloomberg and Thomson Reuters (Thomson Reuters) are the mainstream ESG data platforms used by these organizations, which often include other broader financial information such as securities prices.

It can be seen that data suppliers should ensure the transparency and reliability of data collection and processing, which is also a key prerequisite for ESG rating companies to accurately evaluate the relevant performance of enterprises.

Quote footnote:

[1] Some organizations that use enterprise questionnaires to collect ESG data do not sell their own data. RobecoSAM is a sustainable investment asset management company, managing assets worth $120 billion (in 2018), and inviting more than 3,400 companies to fill out questionnaires every year. These ESG data are used as the basis for investment decisions within the company and used to construct the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI). CDP (formerly known as Carbon Disclosure Project), a non-governmental organization, also collected data related to environmental risks of about 6,400 companies through questionnaires. The design of the questionnaires referred to the framework of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD).

[2] The data of the rating company comes from Refinitiv (Luft, one of the providers of financial market data and infrastructure, formerly known as the Finance and Risk Department of Thomson Reuters. After independence, Blackstone Group acquired 55% equity and Thomson Reuters acquired 45% equity. ) financial terminal Eikon/DataStream, Bloomberg financial terminal and MSCI (morgan stanley capital international) database.

[3] The correlation here can be understood as whether any two rating companies have the same rating judgment on the overall sample composed of several enterprises, such as: A rating company scores 50 points for enterprise A, 60 points for enterprise B and 70 points for enterprise C; The rating company B scores 60 points for enterprise A, 70 points for enterprise B and 80 points for enterprise C, so the ratings of the whole sample {A, B and C} by the two rating companies A and B are different, but they are highly correlated (completely related). The variable describing the difference of a rating result itself is fit or fit probability, for example, A rating company scores 50 points for enterprise A, 60 points for enterprise B and 70 points for enterprise C; If the rating company B scores 50 points for enterprise A, 70 points for enterprise B and 80 points for enterprise C, then the two rating companies A and B only give the same score for enterprise A, and the rating fit for the whole sample {A, B and C} is 33.33% or 1/3.

[4] The first two differences can be understood as differences in the formal attributes of a single point of data, and the third difference is not about the attributes of a single point of data, but about the statistical attributes of the whole sample. For example, for a certain topic (a), the samples of six companies {A, B, C, D, E, F} are scored, and three companies {A, B, C} are selected in the annual report. Suppose that the data of {A, B and C} on indicator (a1) are {100, 200 and 300} respectively, while the data of {D, E and F} on indicator (a2) are (100, 4000 and 10000) respectively, the difficulty for rating companies is how to determine {A}. This problem can be solved by statistical analysis to some extent. The solution of statistical analysis requires the following assumptions: First, indicators (a1) and (a2) can truly and accurately reflect the performance of the whole sample in topic (A) and have the same statistical distribution characteristics; Second, the sample is rich enough to restore the common true statistical distribution characteristics of (a1) and (a2) respectively through the statistical distribution characteristics of the whole sample. For example, there are 2,000 enterprises in the sample instead of six.Moreover, the (a1) statistical distribution of the 1,000 enterprises using the (a1) indicator and the (a2) statistical distribution of the 1,000 enterprises using the (a2) indicator are both normal distributions. According to statistical analysis, it can be inferred that the enterprise that ranks x% (where X is in the range of 0 to 100) among the 1,000 enterprises using the (a2) indicator is also ranked X.

[5] Similarly, there are three ways to measure Covid-19 infection: antigen, nucleic acid and antibody, and the effectiveness of products provided by companies under each category is different. Assuming that in a national screening, everyone only provides the results of one COVID-19 infection measurement method, then it is difficult for us to give equal ratings to antigen-positive, nucleic acid-positive and antibody-positive. This is because, limited by the objective laws of measurement methods, the true statistical distribution of the three measurement results is different for the same sample (the same screening population).

[6] According to the assumption at the beginning of this paragraph, there is no difference in the original data, and both rating companies of Party A and Party B have obtained all samples {A, B, C, D, E, F} and the index scores of six enterprises on a certain topic {100,200,300,700,800,900}. Both rating companies of Party A and Party B use the following rating rules. If they reach the set reference benchmark, they will be rated as excellent; if they fail to reach the set reference benchmark, they will be rated as poor. Among them, the A-rated company chooses the average value of all samples as the reference benchmark, that is, 500. Then the scores of {A, B and C} three energy enterprises failed to meet the standards, while the scores of {D, E and F} three commercial banks were all higher than the standards, and the results of rating company A for six enterprises were {inferior, inferior, inferior, excellent, excellent}. The rating company B sets the reference benchmark according to the industry average, and the rating results of the rating company B for the energy industry and the banking industry are {poor, excellent and excellent} and {poor, excellent and excellent} respectively. Give an example to illustrate the meaning of this sentence, that is, the C-rated company can choose to transfer from the reference benchmark of A-rated company to the reference benchmark of B-rated company, thus realizing that: the energy enterprises of {B} and {C} have moved from the last 50% of the overall rating distribution to the first 66% of the new internal rating distribution of the energy industry; D commercial banks have moved from the top 50% of the overall rating distribution to the bottom 33% of the new banking internal rating distribution.

[7] Both the regression replacement method and the prediction mean matching replacement method need to determine the replacement value through regression analysis. The difference is that the regression replacement method directly replaces the missing value with the prediction mean; The matching replacement rule of predicted mean replaces the missing value with the actual observed value in the sample closest to the predicted mean, which is a partial parameter method.

[8] According to the data of the Global Initiative for Sustainable Rating (GISR) GISR)2018. Some organizations providing ESG data are profit-making and some are non-profit; Some focus on topics such as climate change or human rights, while others focus on topics of all ESG categories. ESG data providers continue to improve the richness of their services, from selling data and research to providing consulting services and technical and management solutions. At the same time, ESG data providers continue to seek to expand and internationalize the number of companies in their databases.

[9] ESG data can be divided into three levels according to the degree of data processing: the original data collected by data providers can be defined as the lowest level ESG data; The original data is processed by the data provider into secondary ESG indicators (data); According to their own rating methodology, ESG rating companies finally integrate many secondary ESG index data into a tertiary ESG rating (data).

[10] For example, AMI(Access to Medicine Index) uses the data of Sustainalytics, while FTSE4Good Index Series (FTSE 4 Good Index) uses the research service of Vigeo-EIRIS.

References:

Billio, M., Costola, M., Hristova, I., Latino, C., & Pelizzon, L. (2021). Inside the ESG Ratings:(Dis) agreement and performance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 28(5), 1426-1445.

Eccles, R. G., & Stroehle, J. C. (2018). Exploring social origins in the construction of ESG measures. Available at SSRN 3212685.

Kotsantonis, S., & Serafeim, G. (2019). Four things no one will tell you about ESG data. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 31(2), 50-58.

Original title: Data Problems and Suggestions of Industry Research | ｜ESG Evaluation

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　　● Installing elevators in old communities not only helps to alleviate the problem of "travel difficulties" of the elderly in the aging society, but also is a powerful measure to promote the transformation of old communities. At present, the modes of installing elevators mainly include agent leasing, self-construction by residents and investment by property rights units or collective organizations.

　　● At present, there are still various problems in practice. For example, it is difficult to get residents’ satisfaction by installing elevators. Some residents refuse to install elevators because of sharing the cost and causing inconvenience to their lives. Some residents regret after installing elevators, which leads to many community contradictions and disputes.

　　● In terms of policy design, local governments can further improve the voting rules for installing elevators within the legal framework; Formulate quantitative compensation standards according to disputed matters; According to the frequently disputed problems in the process of elevator installation and the technical problems that residents are generally concerned about, relevant action guidelines or operation manuals shall be worked out.

　　□ Trainee reporter of this newspaper Sun Tianjiao Zhang Shoukun

　　□ Our reporter Han Dandong

　　At 10 am on January 15th, 76-year-old Uncle Wang was sitting on the community promenade in Gaojiayuan Community, Chaoyang District, Beijing, chatting with his neighbors. This is the first time he went downstairs in nearly half a month.

　　The residential area where Uncle Wang lives was built in 1980s, and it is a six-story unit building with no elevator. He lives on the top floor. Because of the inconvenience of his legs and feet, he usually doesn’t go downstairs. The necessities of daily life are sent by his son who lives in the same city every few days.

　　"If only there were an elevator outside the building, it would be much more convenient to go up and down." Uncle Wang is looking forward to it.

　　Nowadays, in cities, there are more and more elderly people like Uncle Wang who are "difficult to climb the stairs" and "not free to go downstairs". According to the statistics of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and other relevant departments, the number of old houses built in China from 1980 to 2000 is about 8 billion square meters, and more than 70% of the urban elderly people live in old buildings without elevators. It is estimated that the number of elevators needed to be installed in old buildings in China is more than 2 million.

　　In recent years, the national and local authorities have paid more and more attention to the elevator installation project in old residential areas. According to the official news of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, since 2019, 112,000 old urban communities have been newly started and renovated nationwide, and nearly 20,000 elevators have been installed in various places in combination with the renovation of old urban communities.

　　In terms of quantity, the gap of installing elevators in old communities is still large. However, according to a recent investigation by the reporter of the Rule of Law Daily, there are still various problems in practice. For example, it is difficult to get residents’ agreement on installing elevators. Some residents refuse to install elevators because of cost sharing and inconvenience in life, and some residents regret after installing elevators, which has led to many community contradictions and disputes.

　　Experts interviewed by the reporter agreed that it is indeed necessary to install elevator projects in old communities, but it is necessary to establish a more clear and understandable policy system and update rules to form a more perfect interest coordination mechanism.

　　Install elevators in old communities.

　　High-rise residents have received constant praise.

　　Uncle Zhang, who lives in Building 50, Tiantan Dongli, Dongcheng District, Beijing, is luckier than Uncle Wang — — The outdoor elevator has been installed in the residential unit building where he lives.

　　Uncle Zhang is over 70 years old this year, and a family of five lives on the sixth floor of Unit 4. Before the elevator was installed, everyone in the family was full of complaints about going up and down the stairs: grandson usually goes to school and wants to play with his friends, always complaining that climbing stairs is tiring and wasting time; The old couple usually buy food or take heavy things outside, and it is particularly difficult to move upstairs.

　　In 2018, the community installed outdoor elevators for units 3 and 4, which made it much more convenient for residents to swipe their cards and go upstairs and downstairs.

　　At the end of December 2021, the reporter came to the community to see that in addition to the elevators already built in Units 3 and 4, a new external elevator was being built between Units 1 and 2. A passing unit resident said, "We were envious when we saw that they had an elevator. Now we finally have it, so we don’t have to climb the stairs."

　　The reporter interviewed a number of elderly people randomly and found that after the installation of elevators in old communities, high-rise residents received constant praise.

　　In the Beili Community of Fatou, Chaoyang District, Beijing, the reporter saw that the highest floor of this old community built in the 1980s is 6 floors. In front of Building 16, four completed external elevators have been erected, and several elevators are under construction in front of Building 17.

　　On the wing of Building 17, the reporter saw Ms. Han who went downstairs for a walk. Ms. Han, 78, lives with her wife on the 4th floor, Unit 3, Building 17. Because there is no elevator, it is inconvenient to go up and down the stairs. My son once proposed to buy a house with an elevator for them, but the parents could not bear to part with the neighborhood, so they gave up.

　　"Fortunately, it is necessary to install an elevator now. For our family, it really saves time, effort and money." Ms. Han said.

　　According to Yang Qinfa, director of the Institute of Real Estate Policy and Law of East China University of Political Science and Law, the installation of elevators in old communities not only helps to alleviate the problem of travel difficulties for the elderly in an aging society, but also is a powerful measure to promote the transformation of old communities. At the same time, it is a major livelihood project to promote the installation of elevators in old residential areas. Apart from the broad market prospect of elevator industry, the installation of elevators in old residential areas can also promote the development of industrial chains related to real estate, which is also of great significance to stimulate residents’ consumption.

　　During the interview, the reporter found that the current mode of installing elevators in old communities is not exactly the same.

　　When Ms. Wang, who lives in the 6th floor, Unit 2, Building 17, an old residential area in xiaodian district, Taiyuan, Shanxi, installed the elevator in her residential area, she adopted a more traditional way of joint investment by residents. According to Ms. Wang, at that time, the government subsidized a lot of funds. The first to second floor residents did not bear the installation cost, and the expenses shared by the third to sixth floors varied according to the floor height, with a maximum of about 18,000 yuan. As the top resident, Ms. Wang contributed a total of 18,300 yuan.

　　Beijing Tiantan Dongli Building No.50 and Fatou Beili Community are different. It is understood that residents did not spend a penny when installing elevators in these two communities. After the elevators are built, residents can take the elevator card, just like taking a bus. Whoever takes the elevator will pay for it.

　　In front of the elevator in Building 50 in Dongli, Tiantan, the reporter found that non-resident visitors can also take the elevator by scanning the QR code through their mobile phones. The single price is 1.5 yuan, regardless of the floor. According to Uncle Zhang, residents in the building will get a "preferential price" after they get a card, which varies from 0.5 yuan to 0.9 yuan according to different floors. "Our family lives on the top floor, and every time we take the elevator, we have to spend 0.9 yuan. My grandson often goes back and forth after having the elevator. In fact, the cost is not small. Our family spends more than 100 yuan on the elevator every month."

　　At present, the elevators in Fatou Beili Community only support credit card use, and foreign visitors can’t ride without a card.

　　Yang Qinfa said that at present, there are three main modes of installing elevators, namely, residents’ self-construction, agent leasing and property rights units or collective organizations’ investment.

　　Yang Qinfa believes that among the three ways, the best way for residents is "agent leasing": the elevator is built by a third party, and residents in the community only need to pay a certain ride fee when using the elevator, and the maintenance fee, maintenance fee and electricity fee of the elevator are borne by the third party. This method can solve the problem of capital contribution among residents, but the difficulty lies in the will of the elevator company because of the great pressure on it. Therefore, at present, the owner’s self-financing and self-construction method is also being implemented.

　　Many problems cannot be ignored.

　　One-vote veto is controversial

　　Although the call for installing elevators is strong, the reporter randomly visited 12 old residential areas in Beijing and Tianjin and found that only three have installed elevators, and the number and proportion are still relatively small, and they have not covered all residential buildings. In addition, some residents have different troubles in the residential areas where elevators have been installed or planned.

　　Mr. Liu, a 76-year-old resident on the first floor of Unit 6, Building 16, Fatou Beili Community, said, "We are old neighbors for decades, so I agreed without any hesitation when I asked the residents about installing the elevator, but I encountered some troubles after installing the elevator."

　　Because he lives on the first floor, Mr. Liu immediately felt that the lighting in the room was affected after the elevator was built. Usually, the lighting in the living room is quite good, but even during the day after the elevator, you have to turn on the lights at home, otherwise you can’t see clearly.

　　In addition, outside the window of Mr. Liu’s kitchen is the elevator. When the elevator is designed, it extends a eaves, which is just as high as the window on the first floor. As a result, rain water will drip into Mr. Liu’s kitchen along the eaves when it rains, and the kitchen will become damp over time.

　　Ms. Wang of Taiyuan also feels that there are some problems: "The elevators in the community are installed outside the building, which takes up a lot of outdoor space, which affects the neatness, neatness and beauty of the outdoor, and therefore reduces the number of parking spaces."

　　Ms. Wang recalled that at that time, the low-rise residents in the next unit did not agree to install elevators, because it would reduce the rent and the selling price of second-hand houses. They even asked other residents to pay compensation, otherwise they would resolutely oppose it, so that everyone could not install elevators. "The residents of that unit also quarreled many times, and the neighborhood Committee could not mediate, and eventually it was not installed."

　　It is not uncommon for low-rise residents to oppose the installation of elevators. In Building 16, Beili Community, Fatou, no elevators have been installed in Units 2 and 4. The reporter learned from the residents that this was because the low-rise residents of Units 2 and 4 explicitly opposed it when soliciting the opinions of residents at that time, so they were not built at the same time.

　　It is reported that at present, the procedures for installing elevators in old residential areas in Beijing mainly refer to the Manual for Comprehensive Renovation of Old Residential Areas in Beijing issued by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development in April 2020, in which the requirement for soliciting residents’ opinions is that "the intention and preliminary plan of installing elevators in existing multi-storey houses should fully listen to the opinions of all owners within the scope of the proposed installation of elevators, and be agreed by the owners whose exclusive parts account for more than two-thirds of the total construction area of the unit and more than two-thirds of the total number, and other owners have no objection".

　　This means that once residents clearly express their opposition, even if the proportion of owners who agree is up to standard, the unit still cannot be equipped with elevators.

　　Like Beijing, the "one-vote veto" system in which one person opposes the total denial of the installation of elevators in old residential areas has been "evaded" in many places through relevant regulations.

　　For example, in January, 2021, Shanghai Housing and Urban-Rural Development Management Committee and Shanghai Housing Authority jointly issued the Notice on Adjusting the Vote Proportion of Owners Adding Elevators to Existing Multi-storey Houses in this Municipality, which stipulated that applicants should fully negotiate on the intention and specific scheme of adding elevators, and solicit the opinions of all owners of the building where they are located. Owners with exclusive parts accounting for more than two-thirds of the area and more than two-thirds of the owners participated in the voting, and owners with exclusive parts accounting for more than three-quarters of the area participated in the voting.

　　The Interim Measures for the Installation of Elevators in Existing Houses in Qingdao also stipulates that if the owners fail to reach an agreement after full friendly consultation, the owners whose exclusive parts account for more than two-thirds of the area of this unit (this building) and whose number accounts for more than two-thirds will participate in the voting, and the written consent will be signed by the owners who participate in the voting for more than three-quarters of the exclusive parts and who participate in the voting.

　　According to Yang Qinfa, because the installation of elevators is a major issue related to joint ownership and management, in accordance with the provisions of Article 278 of the Civil Code, the legal voting procedures should be agreed by the owners who participate in voting for more than three-quarters of the exclusive area and more than three-quarters of the voting people. "The above regulations can obviously solve the current situation that one person’s opposition can hinder the installation of elevators."

　　However, Yang Qinfa said that there are more detailed regulations on elevator installation in various places, and at present, most of them are based on their local regulations. Whether to adopt the "one-vote veto system" on the issue of installing elevators in old communities to solicit residents’ opinions is still controversial.

　　Work together to solve difficult problems.

　　Fully protect the convenience and benefit the people.

　　In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the installation of elevators in old communities. The reporter found out that the renovation of old residential areas in the "14 th Five-Year Plan" for housing in many places involved the installation of elevators. For example, the "14 th Five-Year Plan for Urban Housing Development in Jiangsu Province" puts forward that "the shortcomings of public services such as child care, old-age care, and housekeeping should be filled, and the greening transformation and the aging transformation of existing multi-storey houses with elevators and barrier-free facilities should be encouraged"; The Tenth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Urban Housing in Zhejiang Province puts forward measures such as accelerating the installation of elevators in residential buildings and vigorously improving the quality of living.

　　Yang Qinfa said that the installation of elevators in old residential areas involves different interests of residents in the community and requires a lot of coordination work; On the other hand, it involves complicated examination and approval procedures. For elevator installation enterprises, they are obviously more inclined to engage in elevator installation business in new houses with higher efficiency.

　　For the further improvement of installing elevators in old residential areas, Yang Qinfa proposed that policy design should be changed from rule-oriented to goal-oriented in the process of standardization. The service object of urban renewal is residents, so it is particularly important to establish a clear division of powers and responsibilities, standardized operating procedures, easy-to-understand policy system and renewal rules.

　　"Compared with regular policies, target-oriented policies tend to adopt the method of mobilizing governance in the specific implementation process, that is, pooling the main bodies and resources of the grassroots administrative system and community governance system as much as possible, which is conducive to promoting the efficient implementation of policies." Yang Qinfa suggested that in policy design, local governments can start from the following three aspects: to further improve the voting rules for installing elevators within the legal framework; Determine the compensation basis of relevant interests, and formulate quantitative compensation standards according to disputed matters, such as construction noise compensation; Accelerate the formulation of the code of conduct for elevator installation, and formulate relevant code of conduct or operation manual around the controversial common problems and technical problems that residents are generally concerned about in the process of elevator installation.

　　At the same time, he also noticed the problem of government responsibility boundary in the process of elevator installation. In the initial stage of urban renewal projects such as installing elevators, the government still needs to take the initiative to play its role, organize and coordinate various forces, and form a driving and demonstration. When the time is ripe, we will gradually withdraw and hand over the "right to speak" to residents, who will actively coordinate, declare and promote the project.

　　"For example, it is difficult for the owners to reach an agreement on the distribution of relevant interests through self-negotiation. The relief and compensation mechanism should be improved, such as clarifying that the examination and approval authorities include the administrative reconsideration organs of construction, planning, fire protection, housing management and other departments, and establishing a professional administrative mediation mechanism for the transformation of old communities. In addition, it is also necessary to combine local economic levels, transaction prices of second-hand houses and other factors, and formulate a unified bottom-up method for residents who benefit from the appreciation of elevator houses to compensate for the depreciation of elevator houses, and guide residents who benefit from installing elevators to compensate residents whose interests are damaged, which is in line with the principle of fairness and reduces the infringement on the legitimate rights and interests of damaged residents. " Yang Qinfa said.

　　In terms of funds, Xu Fei, a lawyer of Beijing Yinghe Law Firm, suggested that social capital should be fully introduced and a variety of funds should be used to solve the problem of financial difficulties in adding elevators. At the same time, the volume of a single elevator project will be expanded, and bidding will be conducted jointly to reduce the cost of adding a single elevator.

　　For the daily maintenance of elevators, Xu Fei believes that professional elevator maintenance units or property management companies should be introduced for custody to strengthen the daily management and maintenance of elevators.

　　Yang Qinfa also suggested that an interest coordination mechanism should be established in the process of co-governance. On the one hand, we can explore the implementation of the "divided household system" for members of community neighborhood committees, go deep into every household in the responsibility area, listen to and collect residents’ views and opinions on installing elevators, register them in categories, and reflect them to the government and enterprises for communication; On the other hand, under the leadership of the relevant authorities, the community can set up a discussion platform for renovation with the participation of neighborhood committees, construction units and residents’ self-governing organizations, so as to provide open, fair and just ways and opportunities for participants with different opinions to solve disputes.

　　"Installing an elevator is not a one-step process, and its process is complicated. In the stage of coordination of residents’ interests, project approval and publicity, elevator installation and acceptance and later operation and maintenance, in order to achieve different goals, multiple subjects need to cooperate with each other. " Yang Qinfa said.

Xinhua News Agency, Washington, May 28th Financial observation: increasing tariffs pushes up inflation and weakens US economic growth

Xinhua News Agency reporter Yang Chenglin Xu Yuan

A number of investment and research institutions in the United States recently issued a research report warning that the US government’s provocation of economic and trade frictions and tariff increases will significantly push up the inflation level in the United States, weaken the momentum of economic growth, and aggravate the risks facing the global economy.

Lewis Alexander, chief American economist of Nomura Securities, said on the 28th that the tariff cost will be passed on to the price of imported goods in the United States, which in turn will push up the domestic price level in the United States. He said that if the United States imposes a 25% tariff on about $300 billion of goods exported from China to the United States, the inflation level in the United States will rise by 0.5 percentage point in the next 12 months.

A research report released by Gita Gopinath, chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, and two other economists recently said that after the United States imposed tariffs on China, the price increase of imported goods was consistent with the tariff increase, indicating that the tariff cost was basically borne by American enterprises and consumers.

According to a report released by the Federal Reserve Bank of new york, the US government recently raised the tariff on $200 billion of goods exported from China to the United States from 10% to 25%, which will increase the annual burden of an ordinary American family by $831.

Personal consumption expenditures accounts for more than 70% of the American economy. Rising prices will curb consumption and have a negative impact on economic growth. Recently, many well-known banks and consulting institutions lowered their growth forecasts for the US economy. Among them, JPMorgan Chase lowered its growth forecast for the US economy in the second quarter from 2.25% to 1%, Oxford Economic Consulting Group from 1.6% to 1.3%, and Barclays Bank from 2.2% to 2%.

In addition, continuing to impose tariffs will also damage the global economic growth prospects and market confidence. According to the research report of Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, if the United States imposes a 25% tariff on the remaining 300 billion US dollars of goods imported from China, the global economy will go into recession.

The report of the International Monetary Fund also shows that if tariffs are imposed on all trade between China and the United States, the global gross domestic product (GDP) will be reduced by about 0.3% in the short term, and half of the impact will come from the frustration of business and market confidence.

Recently, the voice of the capital market for the Fed to cut interest rates has become increasingly strong, reflecting the impact of economic and trade frictions on market confidence. Athanasios Wamwakides, foreign exchange strategist of Bank of America Merrill Lynch, believes that if the US imposes tariffs again and triggers China’s counter-measures, it will damage the US economic prospects and increase the chances of the Fed cutting interest rates.

Since the beginning of this year, affected by many factors, such as the expected slowdown in economic growth, capital market volatility, and increased uncertainty in economic and trade negotiations, the Federal Reserve has suspended the pace of raising interest rates since the end of 2015, and the federal funds rate has remained at 2.25% to 2.5%, far from the level before the 2008 financial crisis.

This means that even if the Fed chooses to support the US economy by cutting interest rates in the future, the room for cutting interest rates is not as good as before. Lyle brainerd, director of the Federal Reserve, said recently that compared with the past, the space for the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates has narrowed, and the ability to use traditional interest rate instruments to cope with the economic downturn has correspondingly weakened.

In 2021, the relevant departments of the central government selected some cities and counties to carry out the first phase of party building in the field of road freight, and Danyang City was the first batch of pilot counties in Jiangsu Province. In the pilot work, the distinctive practice of "setting up a mobile party member Party branch relying on the traffic comprehensive law enforcement squadron to manage party member, an individual driver within the jurisdiction" created by Danyang has been fully affirmed by the competent authorities at all levels. The Ministry of Transport and the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Transportation have visited Danyang for investigation and guidance many times, and have been promoted nationwide and throughout the province.

I. Background and motivation

The manufacturing industry in Danyang is developed, and the export of raw materials and products is "two-headed", so there is a great demand for freight. There are 3,972 road freight operators in the city, including 838 enterprises and 3,134 self-employed households. There are 6,053 employees and 5,458 truck drivers, including 2,311 corporate drivers, 3,147 individual drivers and 88 drivers in party member, accounting for 1.6% of the drivers. The survey found that in recent years, affected by the economic downturn, COVID-19 epidemic and industry competition, there are mainly "five difficulties" in truck drivers:

One is the embarrassment of traveling. "The wheels have gone through thousands of waters in Qian Shan, and the drivers have suffered a lot.". In order to save time and cost, truck drivers often live in a narrow cab with the car as their home and the road as their partner, which makes it difficult to park, eat and wash. Especially in the current situation of multi-point epidemic, truck drivers running around often become the key targets of prevention and control, which are followed by persuasion, denial of access, vehicle isolation and different access policies, and they encounter it is hard to go.

The second is worries. A car carries not only goods, but also the livelihood of a family. Truck drivers are the pillars of the family, and some have to repay their vehicle loans and support their family life. Without goods, there is no source of income. Truck drivers have high work intensity, high risk, frequent occupational diseases and lack of relevant protection.

The third is the urgency of safeguarding rights. Truck drivers pull other people’s goods, but sometimes they can’t protect their rights. At present, there are many cars and less goods in the freight industry, such as freight arrears and stealing oil and goods, which leads to a poor working environment. It is difficult for self-employed drivers to grasp transportation policies and regulatory rules in time, and sometimes "there is no way to appeal", and some reasonable demands are difficult to be effectively solved.

Fourth, the confusion of identity, the road freight industry is at the end of the industrial chain. In the survey, many truck drivers admitted that "this job is not decent" and "it is not a long-term solution to make a living". There is no working time from nine to five, only a lonely and busy figure. When encountering unexpected situations, lacking psychological counseling and emotional relief, people often feel helpless and even have extreme behaviors.

The fifth is the difficulty of losing control. The management and service of truck drivers involve many departments, such as transportation, public security, market supervision and network information. The driver’s party member organizational relationship is generally in the place of residence or household registration, and people follow the car to become a moving party member. The "two lines" between the competent department of industry and the party organization do not intersect with each other, which objectively forms the "two skins" of business work and party building work. party member’s identity consciousness is indifferent, and his vanguard and exemplary role is not obvious.

Second, the main practices

Since 2021, Danyang City has focused on the "five difficulties" of truck drivers, made it clear that "goods run in Wan Li, the Party builds a long journey" as the main line of work, and insisted that "where truck driver party member goes, the Party’s organization and work will cover", so as to build a brand of party building in the road freight industry with "wheels rolling in party flag Red" and strive to create a warm "home" for truck drivers.

1. Strengthen industry joint construction, establish regional party workers’ organizations, and promote comprehensive coverage of party organizations and work. According to the professional characteristics and working status of truck drivers, we should innovate the way of organization setting and explore an organization system that runs through from top to bottom and covers a wide range. The first is to establish an industry party Committee. Relying on the transportation bureau, the county-level road freight industry party Committee was established, and it accepted the leadership of the transportation bureau party Committee and the "two new""Working committee guidance. Formulate and issue pilot opinions, establish joint departmental meetings, "double promotion" in the road freight industry, and form a working pattern in which the organization department takes the lead, the transportation department is specifically responsible, and the public security, trade unions, market supervision, and local governments work together. Support and guide the work of industry party committees by selecting party construction instructors and implementing party construction funds. The second is to form a "functional party branch"". Through enterprise investigation, village community consultation, transportation system information comparison and telephone inquiry, 88 truck drivers in party member were verified, including 42 in party member. According to the concept of gridding, relying on the land law enforcement squadrons of various districts of the Municipal Traffic and Transportation Comprehensive Law Enforcement Brigade, six functional party branches of truck drivers were established, with the staff of the law enforcement squadron party member as the party branch secretary. According to the mode of "one party subordinate and multiple management", party member, a mobile driver, was urged to report to the functional party branch of the freight driver in his residence nearby, and 58 mobile drivers party member and party member, an enterprise driver who did not have the conditions to establish a party branch separately, formed an organizational structure of "industry party committee+gridded party branch" to realize the mobile driver. The third is to unite the joint efforts of trade unions. Actively give play to the role of trade unions in cohesion and encouragement, promote road freight enterprises to form trade unions according to law, explore new ways and paths for truck drivers to join trade unions, innovatively set up a municipal road freight industry trade union federation and six district road freight industry joint trade unions, promote the first batch of 813 truck drivers to join trade unions, unite more drivers around party organizations, and promote the deep integration and overall improvement of party building, industry and construction.

2. Adhere to the organization linkage, implement tripartite education, and promote the flow of truck drivers. The education management in party member is effective. Follow the characteristics of road freight enterprises and truck drivers, give full play to the tripartite role of truck drivers’ party committees, functional party branches and local party organizations in party member, establish five working systems such as centralized learning and special activities of party branches, and explore a long-term mechanism for the education and management of truck drivers in party member. The first is to strengthen the "unification" of industry party committees. Relying on the comprehensive performance testing center of motor vehicles, we will build a county-level service center for the party and the masses in the road freight industry, as the seat of the party committee of the industry, and integrate "one-stop" services such as truck testing, annual inspection, violation handling, publicity and education, rest and fitness. Implement a special fund of 100,000 yuan every year, comprehensively guide the education and management of truck drivers in party member, and promote the service center between the party and the masses to keep the doors open, the places commonly used, the activities often held, and the drivers often come to gather popularity and people’s hearts. The second is to strengthen the "grasping" of functional party branches. Party-mass service stations should be built in each functional party branch, so that party member can participate in branch activities nearby. Take the way of "online learning as the mainstay and offline activities as the supplement", establish a branch WeChat group, and rely on online platforms such as learning power and Jiangsu Pioneer.Organize party member, an individual truck driver, to carry out activities such as political theory study, road transportation, traffic safety and other laws and regulations publicity and education, volunteer service, etc., to ensure that the organizational life is continuous, not out of shape, and not lacking items, and to enhance political leadership and political cohesion for the truck driver group. At the same time, a "political living room" will be set up in the homes of freight companies and truck drivers at gas stations."Let party member hear the voice of the Party anytime and anywhere when parking and having a rest, and get party spirit education. The third is to strengthen the "pocket" of local party organizations. Establish a two-way mutual recognition mechanism between functional party branches and village (community) party organizations, explore party member, the truck driver’s "pioneering outstanding achievements and integral management", and the functional party branches will give feedback to the village (community) party organizations every year as an important reference for democratic evaluation of party member, so that drivers in party member can stop to see the organization image, hear the organization voice when they run, and feel recognized by the organization when they get home.

3. Highlight the service connection, do three kinds of care, and promote the warmth of the party to be transmitted to truck drivers to the maximum extent. Actively respond to the demands and hopes of truck drivers, give play to the role of party organizations at all levels, do a good job of unity and cohesion, and effectively help truck drivers solve their "urgent difficulties and worries"And safeguard the legitimate rights and interests. The first is to strengthen road care. Relying on freight platform enterprises to build a "driver’s home" and relying on gas stations to build a "red gas station", so that long-distance truck drivers can drink hot water, eat hot meals, take a hot bath, sleep well, and get through the contact service "the last meter". Recently, the Party Committee of Danyang Road Freight Industry, in addition to doing its best to prevent and control the epidemic situation at traffic checkpoints, took into account the long journey and difficult transportation of truck drivers, and began to organize personnel to send more than 25,000 love snacks to long-distance truck drivers from other places in Denmark on April 7, which made the majority of drivers and passengers feel caring. The second is to strengthen care for difficulties. We formulated special measures to care for truck drivers, improved the system of heart-to-heart talks, and strengthened humanistic care and psychological counseling. Party branch secretaries conducted "home visits" to 58 truck drivers in party member to learn more about party member’s work, life and family, and listen to their opinions and suggestions. Highlighting the precise assistance of truck drivers with difficulties, the Party Committee of the industry, together with civil affairs, trade unions and other departments, sorted out and investigated 5,458 truck drivers in the city, established management files, managed one person and one file dynamically, helped and rescued more than 40 families of truck drivers with difficulties, and sent the care and warmth of party organizations to the hearts of the majority of truck drivers. The third is to strengthen the appeal and care. Establish and improve the appeal direct mechanism of "employees-party member-platform enterprises, mobile party member Party branches-industry party committees", establish two systems of truck drivers’ appeal resolution and difficulty assistance, and clarify the "three musts"That is to say, the problems reflected must be registered, solved within a limited time or handed in in time, the parties must be given feedback, and the contact number of party member, a functional party branch, should be made public. Establish a rapid response mechanism for classification and classification of appeals, classify legitimate and reasonable appeals according to industries and levels, clarify the time limit for disposal, and highlight the style of "doing it right away". At present, more than 60 items have been solved, such as parking difficulties, children’s schooling, re-employment, and related expenses reduction and exemption.Be anxious and anxious"Problems, so that the demands of the majority of drivers are reflected, problems are coordinated, and difficulties are solved.

4. Highlight the joint efforts of the Party and the masses and carry out three actions to promote party flag to fly high in the road freight industry. Promote the transformation of truck drivers’ groups from governance objects to governance forces, effectively activate the role of truck drivers’ party organizations and party member, and constantly unite truck drivers’ groups to love the party. The first is to carry out "industry pioneer"Action. Explore party building to lead industry self-discipline, win logistics in platform enterprises, establish the vision of "keeping the oath of joining the party and building smart logistics together", build enterprise party-mass service centers, and integrate party building work into all aspects of enterprise development. Carry out safety education and share safety stories in drivers’ homes and party branch activities. At the same time, establish and improve the self-discipline convention of road freight industry, guide enterprises and drivers to work safely, standardize services, and improve their professional level. The second is to carry out "pioneer on the chain""action. In the road freight work chain, guide the truck driver party member to post, show his identity, clarify his responsibilities and set an example. Promote the functional party branch to contact more than 5 truck drivers in each party member, and collect and report the rights and interests maintenance and group dynamics in a timely manner. We will carry out the selection of outstanding models, comprehensively consider the performance of model taking the lead, obeying laws and regulations, driving safely, and service effectiveness, and select 20 "most beautiful drivers" among truck drivers, 10 "pioneer party member" among driver party member, and 5 "pioneer motorcades" among freight enterprises to better mobilize the enthusiasm of drivers. The third is to carry out "Anti-epidemic pioneer"action. Give full play to the role of the party organization as a fighting fortress, and guide the majority of truck drivers to effectively guarantee the transportation of emergency materials and production and living goods in the epidemic prevention and control work. In March this year, affected by the epidemic, agricultural products in many planting bases in Danyang were unsalable. The Party Committee of Danyang Road Freight Industry immediately launched freight logistics enterprises and production enterprises to help transport and sell agricultural products. Freight drivers took the initiative to participate in the "Helping Agriculture Action" to help solve the urgent needs and effectively shoulder the heavy responsibility of ensuring supply and smoothness, which was praised by the masses.

Third, some inspirations

Starting from the characteristics and laws of party building work in road freight industry, this paper reviews and summarizes the practice of party building work in road freight industry, and gives us the following enlightenment on where "party flag Red" should be popular:

First, "Red" is led by the Party building, and only by insisting that party flag floats in the front line can we build a strong organizational fortress. Upholding the leadership of the Party is the core of all work. Practice shows that the fundamental reason for a series of achievements in party building in Danyang road freight industry lies in giving full play to the role of the party’s leading core and political core. By strengthening the construction of functional party branches in party member, giving play to the role of the party organization as a fighting fortress and a vanguard and exemplary role in party member, the party’s political advantage is transformed into an endogenous driving force for the development of the industry, constantly boosting the spirit, rallying strength, and promoting the realization of quality improvement, efficiency improvement and healthy development of the industry.

Second, the "red" is cohesive, and insisting on resources sinking to the front line can stimulate the red power. In the grass-roots party building work, we need to think deeply about how to gather all kinds of resources, integrate all forces and comprehensively promote the party building work according to the development direction of the party. The number of party member in Danyang road freight industry is small, so it is difficult to cover the whole industry only by Party organizations. In practice, by integrating resources, innovating to set up trade union organizations, we strive to build a working pattern of "Party building leads industry construction, and industry construction promotes party building", which condenses the joint efforts of party workers and organizations, not only expands the coverage of party building work, but also optimizes the utilization of resources and consolidates the class foundation and mass foundation of the party’s governance.

Third, "red" is solving the problem and insisting on warmth to the front line in order to gain the recognition of truck drivers. How to effectively protect the rights and interests of truck drivers and solve the pain points, difficulties and blocking points that plague truck drivers has always been the difficulty of grassroots governance, and it is also the fundamental starting point and foothold for party building in the road freight industry. We always adhere to the problem orientation, strive to be "insiders" and not "bystanders", treat their "small things" as "important things" by creating a carrier of service positions, unblocking channels for reflecting demands, and establishing a problem-solving mechanism, and truly care for truck drivers, thus effectively enhancing their sense of acquisition, happiness and security.　

Wen | Xianfeng Chuang (ID:xianfengk2vc), by Zhang Runtao

Core point of view:

1. 【 Macro Pattern 】The size of China’s automobile aftermarket is 1.2 trillion, which is about half that of the United States, but the number of auto parts manufacturers, auto parts distribution channels and maintenance service enterprises is twice that of the United States. On the whole, China’s automobile aftermarket is in the form of "ant market", and there are obvious opportunities for integration in all aspects.

At present, the core contradiction between supply and demand in the automobile aftermarket is not the inefficient matching of traffic, but the low efficiency of the supply chain of automobile parts and the low quality of maintenance services. Therefore, it is difficult for giants (Ali, Tencent, JD.COM, Baidu, Didi, Guazi, Manbang) who use traffic to bless the track to quickly end the war in a short time by means of user subsidies, and emerging startups can still break through with their own unique advantages.

2. [Opportunities and Methods]Driven by two forces on the demand side (a large number of cars leave the maintenance period+consumption upgrade) and three forces on the supply side (due to the mature productivity trained for OEM in Europe and America+excellent scale effect of China’s auto parts circulation channels+mature technical infrastructure of maintenance services), China’s automobile aftermarket will systematically spawn a variety of entrepreneurial-investment opportunities, and startup companies can learn from the 13 methods mentioned in this paper to create long-term value and become industry unicorns.

3. [Valuation System and Growth Timeline]Venture companies interested in contacting VC capital can aim at "becoming a unicorn of 1 billion dollars in 8 years" and benchmark the valuation system of listed companies in the US stock market, so as to push back their own business rhythm and team configuration.

When will unicorns come out of China automobile aftermarket? This is a topic that entrepreneurs and investors often discuss in the industrial upgrading track.

On the one hand, Auto Zone, Advance Auto Parts, O’Reilly and NAPA, the four major chains in the field of auto parts in the United States, stand at a market value of tens of billions of dollars, and there are unicorns with a market value of billions of dollars in the field of maintenance services, such as Monro Muffler Brake and Valvoline, but there is no listed giant in China that can compete with them in the same amount.

On the other hand, Internet giants such as BAT/ JD.COM/Didi have been exploring the post-steam for a long time, and star startups such as Kangzhong/Batulu/Kaisi have also been in the post-steam battlefield for many years. However, at present, the whole post-steam competition pattern in China is not clear, and new players are still eager to try with their own unique resources.

These two characteristics make new entrepreneurs and investors always reluctant to take their eyes off the automotive aftermarket in China.

This paper tries to analyze the present situation and future of China automobile aftermarket from the perspective of Top-Down — —

Part.1　　The Market Size and product-service categories of automobile aftermarket are presented in an overview;

Part.2　　This paper systematically analyzes the competitive pattern of automobile aftermarket from three aspects: macro supply system, core track players and giant layout.

Part.3　This paper introduces the macro trend that affects the automobile aftermarket, and gives 13 "tricks" to achieve the unicorn after automobile in the future;

Part.4　From the perspective of capital market, this paper shows the valuation system of post-automobile companies with examples, and discusses the method of reversing the growth timeline of enterprises based on this.

I hope this article can bring some reference value to entrepreneurs, industry professionals and friends who are concerned about the post-steam industry, and welcome friends who are interested in this topic to exchange and discuss.

I. Market Size

In 2018, the automobile aftermarket in China is about 1.2 trillion, including 780 billion auto parts (65%) and 420 billion maintenance services (35%).

Automobile aftermarket size = car ownership × average car consumption, divided into two core elements — —

1. Car ownership

In 2018, the number of cars in China was 240 million (including passenger cars and commercial vehicles), with a growth rate of 10.6% (the number of new cars in 2018 was 28.08 million, down 3% year-on-year). Although the number of new car transactions declined, the overall number of cars will continue to rise in the future.This data can also be confirmed from the car ownership of thousands of people — — As can be seen from the figure below, China’s car ownership of 1,000 people is not only far lower than that of developed countries such as the United States and Japan, but also lower than that of many developing countries, and there is still room for increasing car ownership in the future.　

The number of P.S. cars with 1,000 people depends on population density, economic level, public transportation level and other factors, so I won’t analyze them here. The above large numbers are only for reference.

2. Average car consumption amount

In 2018, the average car consumption of China Automobile for maintenance was about 5,000 yuan; This variable is positively related to the average age of cars. At present, the average age of cars in China is 5 years, and it will inevitably increase in the future.

Based on the two basic driving forces, namely, the increasing number of cars in China and the increasing age of cars, it is expected that the future automotive aftermarket will be in the growing trillion-dollar volume for a long time.

Second, product & service category

The final deliverables in the automotive aftermarket include [auto parts] and [maintenance services].

1. Auto parts

Auto parts refer to all the parts that make up a car; According to the maintenance or replacement cycle, auto parts are usually divided into two categories: [wearing parts] and [whole vehicle parts] — —

① Wearable parts

Wearable parts refer to accessories that must be repaired or replaced after a certain mileage or time. Typical categories of wearing parts include: engine oil, gearbox oil, brake oil, tires, engine oil filter, air filter, air conditioning filter, gasoline filter, spark plug, antifreeze, brake pads, brake discs, etc.

② Complete vehicle parts

　Whole vehicle parts refer to the parts that must be repaired or replaced after an accident. Typical whole vehicle parts include: engine, bumper, gearbox, oil cylinder and so on.

Due to the numerous manufacturers of various brands, and the characteristics of many cars, models and models under each brand, the number of SKUs of auto parts is huge — — At present, the average SKU of automobile spare parts is about 30,000, and the overall SKU of automobile spare parts is more than 50 million. This is a huge SKU volume for a single industry, but looking at the breakdown of wearing parts and whole car parts categories:Wearable parts are universal (for example, different models can share the same specification of engine oil), so the effect of collecting orders is obvious for players who are trading platforms, and they are relatively suitable for self-operation; The universality of the whole vehicle is weak, so the effect of collecting orders is not obvious for players who are trading platforms, and it is relatively suitable for third-party infrastructure (Marketplace, logistics, supply chain finance, etc.).

2. Maintenance service

Maintenance service refers to the human service of automobile parts maintenance or replacement and beauty care. Usually, the maintenance or replacement of beauty care and wearing parts is a high-frequency service item, and the maintenance or replacement of whole automobile parts is a low-frequency service item.

At present, the size of China’s automobile aftermarket is about 1/2 that of the United States (the car ownership of the two countries is similar, but the average age of the car in the United States is twice that of China+), but the number of auto parts manufacturers, auto parts distribution channels and maintenance service enterprises is twice that of the United States — —On the whole, the post-steam market in China is in a relatively scattered "ant market" form, and the quality and efficiency of products and services are uneven, so there are obvious opportunities for integration.

First, the macro supply system

Because there are two core factors in China: ① few car owners master maintenance technology and ② low labor cost, 95% of maintenance services are provided by 4S shops and repair shops, and only 5% of car owners will choose to repair their own cars; Therefore, [automotive aftermarket] has also formed two core circulation paths based on this:

A.4S shop system (accounting for 20%): auto parts manufacturer authorized by the main engine factory → Main engine factory after-sales department → 4S shop → Consumers;

B. Independent post-market system (accounting for 75%): &rarr, an auto parts manufacturer not authorized by the OEM; Agent → Dealer → Auto parts city retailer → Repair shop → Consumers.

The following describes the basic status quo of three types of supply roles: auto parts manufacturers, auto parts distribution channels and service terminals — —

1. Auto parts manufacturers

① Auto parts manufacturer authorized by the OEM (original parts)

This kind of auto parts manufacturers have formed a long-term and stable cooperative relationship with automobile brand manufacturers, such as Denso in Japan, Bosch in Aisin Germany and Mainland China, which produce auto parts according to the design requirements of automobile brand manufacturers, put on the Logo of automobile brand and sell them to automobile brand manufacturers, and then circulate them to 4S stores.

Such manufacturers represent the most advanced supply chain level of auto parts in terms of quality and efficiency, and because of the profit margin requirements of automobile brand manufacturers and 4S shop system, the brand premium of auto parts of such manufacturers is often very high when they are circulated to consumers.

② Auto parts manufacturers not authorized by the OEM.

This kind of auto parts manufacturers can be roughly divided into three categories — —

Class A (factory parts): Class A manufacturers are completely auto parts manufacturers authorized by the OEM, but they sell another part of their production capacity to the independent post-market (without the Logo of the automobile brand), but the supply chain system behind them is exactly the same. Because the premium of automobile brand is removed, the price of such accessories in the independent market is 20%~30% cheaper than that in the 4S shop system, so it is the best choice for consumers in the independent market.

Class B (sub-factory parts): evolved from the foundry of Class A manufacturer. In the process of OEM for international brands, Class B manufacturers have mastered the skilled supply chain technology (especially in the more general consumable parts category). In order to expand their own revenue and profits, they often choose to create their own brands and sell them to the circulation channels of the independent market system. The quality and efficiency of Class B manufacturers in many auto parts categories are almost the same as those of international brands, so it is the second best choice in the post-independence market system.

Class C (spare parts): a "self-reliant" manufacturer that has no direct relationship with the auto parts manufacturer authorized by the main engine factory. Relying on the research of auto parts in the market and close contact with Class B manufacturers, these manufacturers indirectly mastered the supply chain technology of auto parts, and based on this, they created their own brands and sold them to the circulation channels of the independent market system. Class C manufacturers are weaker than Class A in quality and efficiency, but they can still meet the needs of most parts in automobile aftermarket service.

2. Distribution channels of auto parts

① OEM after-sales department

The after-sales department of the main engine factory is also the after-sales department of automobile brand manufacturers, which purchases automobile parts from authorized manufacturers and sells them to 4S stores at a higher price. Because the 4S shop has the brand premium authorized by the automobile manufacturer, and the automobile manufacturer decides the supply of auto parts in the 4S shop by policy instructions, the main engine factory often sells it to the 4S shop with a higher gross profit (the gross profit is higher than that of the same quality parts).

② Market circulation channels after independence.

After independence, the circulation channel of the market is consistent with the general commodity circulation system, mainly including three core links: agency, distribution and retail. The upstream of the whole circulation channel is the auto parts manufacturer authorized by the non-OEM, and the downstream is the repair shop. Because the repair shop has almost no brand premium, and there are many distribution channels in the domestic market after independence, the agents, dealers and retailers here often have relatively low price increase rates — — The gross profit margin of the distribution channel of general wearing parts is 20%~30%, and the gross profit margin of the distribution channel of whole vehicle parts is 30%~45%.

Note that the two types of circulation channels are now "merging", which is manifested in:

A. 4S shop purchases auto parts from independent market circulation channels.

The core reason is that the newly implemented "Measures for the Administration of Automobile Sales" in July 2017 allows some non-original parts to enter the 4S shop system, which enables agents, dealers and retailers who originally operated in the independent post-market system to serve as additional parts channels for 4S shops.

B the repair shop purchases auto parts from the 4S shop and the after-sales department of the main engine factory.

The core reason is that the operating performance of 4S stores has generally declined in recent years, and the liquidity of auto parts originally circulated in the 4S store system has declined, resulting in more inventory. In order to digest these inventories, 4S stores and the after-sales department of the main engine factory will sell them to repair shops.

3. Service terminal

① 4S shop

4S shop was first introduced to China by Guangzhou Honda in 1998, and now it has become the most important system in China’s new car circulation network. The two most important functions of 4S stores are: first, new car sales, and second, after-market service (mainly to undertake the maintenance service demand within the three-year maintenance period or a certain mileage maintenance period). According to the profit structure, about 20% of China 4S stores’ profits come from new car sales, and the remaining 80% comes from after-market service, which is equivalent to the profit structure of American car dealers.

② Repair shop

Different from the 4S shop, the repair shop will undertake the maintenance services of many brands of cars, and the repair price of the repair shop is relatively low due to competitive factors and weak brand premium (including auto parts and maintenance services are cheaper than those of the 4S shop).

China’s Ministry of Communications conducts certification examination for repair technicians in repair shops every year, but there is no strict high-standard system for qualification examination as a whole, so the overall service level of repair shops in China is still uneven (the service level < mean > can meet most of the automobile maintenance needs, but the variance < variance > fluctuates greatly).

It is worth noting that 4S stores and repair shops are excellent channels for selling automobile insurance because they have excellent customer resources, so many insurance companies will have a binding relationship with 4S stores and repair shops (M×N multiple binding relationship) and cross-sell each other’s products and services &mdash; &mdash; 4S shops and repair shops recommend car owners to buy a company’s insurance, and an insurance company will recommend car owners to the corresponding 4S shops or repair shops for maintenance. In essence, both parties can reduce the cost of obtaining customers by reusing sales personnel with each other.

Second, a list of core players in each segment of the track

The core players in the automotive aftermarket include &mdash; &mdash;

1. Auto parts

① Brand manufacturers

Representative manufacturers include: Bosch, Denso Japan, Magna International, Continental Group, ZF, Aisin Seiki, Hyundai Mobius, Lear, Valeo, Faurecia, Andoto, Yazaki, Panasonic Automotive Systems, Sumitomo Electric, Mahler, Yanfeng, Toyota Textile, Jettaggart, ThyssenKrupp, BASF, Fuyao Glass, Weifang.

Because of the high initial investment cost and fierce competition of brand manufacturers, there are no star startups within the range of VC.

② Circulation channels

A. Main wearing parts: three heads and six arms, Kangzhong Auto Parts, Haomeite, and Kuaizhun Automobile.

Due to the high consumption frequency of wearing parts and strong SKU reuse among different car series, almost all wearing parts channel players cut into the supply chain in the self-operated B2B mode, and the upstream purchases from brand manufacturers and the downstream sells them to repair shops. At the same time, they operate their own logistics system and focus on the delivery of the last 1km.

In the retail store opening mode, Kangzhong Auto Parts mainly adopts the direct operation mode, and the three-headed, six-armed, good-beautiful and fast-accurate auto clothes mainly adopt the joining mode, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages &mdash; &mdash; The service quality control of direct marketing mode is relatively standardized, but the disadvantage lies in the slow speed of opening stores and the long-term accumulation to show the scale effect of supply chain; The service quality control of the joining mode is not standard, and it is usually easy to receive customer complaints, but the advantage is that it can borrow private capital to start quickly and show the scale effect of the supply chain in a short time.

B. Main auto parts: Batulu, Kaisi, Chetongyun, Zhongchi Chefu and Haohao Auto Parts.

The whole vehicle parts are completely different from the wearing parts, and their extremely low frequency, numerous SKUs and non-reusable SKUs between different vehicles make all vehicle parts channel players use the inquiry and quotation system (including "Vin code &rarr; Auto parts SKU "database)+third-party trading platform (that is, Marketplace) mode cuts into the supply chain, and the upstream docking agents/dealers/retailers, downstream docking repair shops or 4S shops (some players indirectly obtain customer repair shops or 4S shops through cooperation with insurance companies), and there are both self-operated and third-party modes in logistics.

Since the inventory of the whole vehicle parts in the market circulation channel is often unstable after independence, in order to ensure the supply adequacy of the whole vehicle parts SKU and the timeliness of logistics delivery, all kinds of players in the whole vehicle parts channel have also begun to try to "control the goods" on the basis of the Marketplace model &mdash; &mdash; For example, Batulu’s self-built multi-level warehouse requires suppliers to put the goods in Batulu’s self-operated warehouse and requires warehouse goods to only receive deployment instructions from the platform.

C. All-category management: harmony with steam, rapid development and saving.

All-category channel players are essentially a combined version of two types of channel player modes, namely, wearing parts and whole vehicle parts, such as Heqi &mdash; &mdash; The business model of its wearing parts category is similar to Kangzhong, and the business model of its whole car parts category is similar to Batulu and Chetongyun.

The distribution channel of auto parts is a battleground for China auto aftermarket, essentially because this track has excellent scale effect, and the current situation of China auto parts field with scattered upstream and downstream and high gross profit margin in circulation is just an excellent soil to make use of scale effect &mdash; &mdash; The scale effect in the distribution channel of auto parts can make the enterprise reduce the purchasing cost, warehousing and logistics cost while the sales volume is increasing, and then the gross profit margin is increasing.

Take Auto Zone (American stock code: AZO), one of the four major auto parts chains in the United States, as an example. The changes of its sales and gross profit margin from fiscal year 1990 to fiscal year 2018 are shown in the following figure. It can be seen that in the time span of nearly 30 years, the sales of Auto Zone soared from US$ 670 million to US$ 11.22 billion, and its gross profit margin also increased from 38.1% to 53.2% (while the stock price rose more than 40 times). In essence, it is because the OEM brand and upstream centralized purchasing have brought about a sharp decline in procurement costs, and the logistics and warehousing costs under the DC (Distribution Center)-Hub-Store system are also declining.

2. Maintenance service

Representative companies include: Tuhu Car Maintenance, Auto Superman, Xiaoju Car Service, Diandian Car Maintenance, Master De, Chexiangjia, cluster car treasure, Changtu Automobile, Youyishou, New Focus (A-share listed company) and Xiaomuzhi (New Third Board listed company).

The basic mode of maintenance service players can be summarized as "upgraded repair shop", which provides car owners with beauty care, auto parts replacement or maintenance services, and sells third-party or OEM auto parts at the same time..Tuhu Car Maintenance is a typical example. At the beginning, it cut into the market with the tire category of wearing parts, providing online trading and offline installation services for car owners, and gradually became the first channel brand and maintenance service brand in the tire category. At present, Tuhu Car Maintenance has gradually expanded its own auto parts business (expanding engine oil, filters and other categories) and maintenance service business (expanding automobile beauty care, wearing parts maintenance and replacement, auto insurance sales and other services).

There are also various companies with unique entry points in the automobile aftermarket, such as Youchelian, Yunka and Zhengda Fortis, which cut into the maintenance of commercial vehicles, and Vin code &rarr; Mingjue Technology, which is cut into the database of automobile parts SKU, is cut into the automobile parts agent and forms a strategic cooperation with Manbang, and is cut into the music match &hellip; Due to the limitation of space, I won’t describe them here, but it can be seen that the current pattern of China’s automobile aftermarket is uncertain and the innovation vitality is still very abundant.

Third, the layout of giants

In recent years, giants in the fields of Internet, offline retail, used cars, logistics, insurance, automobile OEM, etc. have been frequently deployed in the automobile aftermarket (as shown in the following figure) &mdash; &mdash; Take Ali as an example. After trying the "car terminal" business in 2016, in 2018, Tmall once again established the "Xinkangzhong" alliance with Auto Superman and Kangzhong Auto Parts. Behind these three giants, they respectively represent the traffic of car owners, maintenance services and the huge potential of auto parts supply chain.

From the above table, we can feel that after the giants inject ① owner flow, ② warehousing & logistics capability, ③ financial capability (insurance & payment & credit) and ④ original auto parts supply chain and service capability into the automotive aftermarket, it is not only a blessing to this track, but also a challenge to the existing players in the track.

However, it should be noted that the core contradiction between supply and demand in China automotive aftermarket is not the inefficient matching of flow, but the low efficiency of auto parts supply chain and the low quality of maintenance service &mdash; &mdash; Therefore, for the giants who use traffic to bless the track (Ali, Tencent, JD.COM, Baidu, Didi, Guazi and Manbang), it is difficult to quickly end the war in the automobile aftermarket by using user subsidies in a short time. A new automobile aftermarket system with wide customers, good quality and high efficiency needs to be watered patiently.

First, the macro trend

The future development of China’s automotive aftermarket will be driven by the following five important forces &mdash; &mdash;

1. Demand side

① China’s automobile aftermarket will be in a growing trillion-dollar volume for a long time, and as more and more cars leave the 4S shop maintenance period, more and more car owners will choose the independent aftermarket in the future;

(2) The increasing GDP per capita in China and the increasing professionalism of citizens in automobile knowledge will create the demand for high-quality chain service organizations, high-quality chain auto parts channels and domestic brands of high-quality auto parts;

2. Supply side

(1) Thanks to the long-term experience of OEM for European and American international brands, the supply chain system of China auto parts manufacturers is very mature, and they can provide auto parts with almost the same quality and higher cost performance as European and American international brands in quite a few categories, so it is possible to produce high-quality domestic brands of auto parts;

② The distribution channels of auto parts in China’s post-independence market system are currently in a large and scattered pattern, and the market share of Top-3 channel players is less than 1%; However, the auto parts track has the characteristics of positive scale effect, and several big head companies will be produced in the future.

With reference to the auto parts market in the United States, the overall market share of the four auto parts chains, Auto Zone, Advance Auto Parts, O’Reilly and NAPA, is more than 30% and is still rising. Due to the consistency of the supply chain attributes of auto parts, China auto parts channel companies will accelerate the appearance of scale effect when the infrastructure such as Internet, AI and logistics are mature.

(3) The development of automobile control unit networking, AR, Internet and other technologies will help repair shops greatly improve service quality and reduce service costs.

Second, 13 ways to upgrade the post-steam industry

Any industry, its direction of creating value mainly includes three kinds:

(1) better quality:That is, the products and services provided by the industry make consumers experience better;

② Higher efficiency:That is, the industry consumes less resources to deliver each unit of products and services, among which the core resources are money (cost) and time &mdash; &mdash; In the steady state (that is, in the state of non-burning money), the lower pricing limit of products and services provided by the industry to consumers is determined by the consumed cost, and the lower convenience limit is determined by the consumed time;

(3) get more customers:That is, the products and services provided by the industry can reach more consumers.

P.S. The value creation direction of an industry is also the lifelong struggle direction of all enterprises in the industry &mdash; &mdash; Whether the enterprise is in the production link, distribution link or the final retail service link.

Based on the five macro forces on the demand side and supply side of China automobile aftermarket, Combined with the players after China automobile, the four major auto parts chains in the United States (Auto Zone, Advance Auto Parts, O’Reilly, NAPA)& maintenance service unicorn (Monro Muffler Brake, Valvoline), the world retail giants (WalMart, Costco, 7-11), (4) observation of companies such as Amazon Web Service (WeWork) and venture capital enterprise (looking for steel net and intelligent cloth interconnection) focuses on the three value creation directions of "getting more customers, better quality and higher efficiency".

The author thinks that players in auto parts and maintenance service tracks can use the following 13 methods to build long-term value and become unicorns in the automotive aftermarket &mdash; &mdash;The company’s value and growth rate depend on the diversity of the following 13 methods and the speed of promotion. The more methods used and the faster the promotion, the greater the company’s value and the faster the growth rate..

1. Auto parts

① Business flow

< the first move > set list:　

Intensive expansion of the service area of circulation channels through direct marketing/joining/merger/joint venture (joint venture through Marketplace mode) and other ways, so as to intensively expand the order volume, and then reduce the purchase cost and enhance the quality control ability through the way of < centralized collection and unified procurement > or < self-operated OEM brand >;

< 2nd move > membership system:

Establish a membership system to reduce the circulation uncertainty of the whole supply chain by locking the purchase behavior of auto parts of car owners or repair shops in advance, and then reduce the inventory backlog cost and labor cost under no operation state caused by circulation uncertainty;

< 3rd move > "Vin code &rarr; Auto parts SKU "database:

Establish a database of mapping relationship between vehicle Vin code and auto parts SKU, and support 4S shops/repair shops, distribution channels and brand manufacturers to interact in various ways, such as text/picture/voice, which greatly reduces communication costs;

② Logistics

< 4 > logistics infrastructure:

Establish central warehouse, city warehouse, pre-warehouse (store) system and logistics billing algorithm to greatly reduce logistics costs in the case of intensive orders (depending on the use progress of various methods in business flow);

③ Production

< 5th move > hardware upgrade:

Under the basic conditions of highly mature auto parts supply chain in China, < introduce advanced hardware equipment of world top brands > or < self-developed hardware equipment >, thus reducing the production cost of the factory and improving the delivery quality of the factory;

< No.6 > Software upgrade:

Open ERP system with downstream channels and upstream raw material suppliers, and do capacity optimization based on data (sales order information/raw material supply information/factory capacity information) and AI algorithm;

④ Finance

< No.7 > vertical supply chain finance:

Due to the inconsistency between upstream and downstream accounting periods in the auto parts industry chain, data-driven supply chain financial services can be provided for brand manufacturers, distribution channels, repair shops /4S stores (refer to steel B2B e-commerce players looking for steel nets);

⑤ Internal operation of enterprises

< trick 8 > SaaS:

For factories, distribution channels, repair shops /4S stores, develop professional SaaS systems suitable for auto parts industry, so as to improve the operating efficiency of each unit of the industrial chain (including invoicing, ERM, IM, manpower, finance, etc.).

2. Maintenance service

① Business flow

< trick 9 > bind the insurance company:

Deep binding with insurance companies through cooperation agreements/cross-shareholding, etc., the two sides share customer resources with each other and jointly reduce the cost of obtaining customers;

< 10th trick > membership system:

Establish 2C membership system, reduce the uncertainty of service demand forecast by locking the maintenance consumption behavior of car owners in advance, and then reduce the inventory backlog cost and labor cost under the condition of no operation caused by the uncertainty of demand forecast;

② service

< 11th move > Senior technicians share the platform:

Because experienced technicians in a region are scarce resources, and the cost of hiring such senior technicians in a single repair shop is too high (the frequency of difficult problems encountered by a single repair shop is relatively small), the shared platform for senior technicians can minimize the labor cost of repair shops and increase the personal income of senior technicians at the same time;

< 12th move > Maintenance experience sharing platform:

China’s Ministry of Communications conducts certification examination for maintenance technicians in repair shops every year, but there is no strict high-standard system for qualification examination as a whole, so most technicians still need to improve their maintenance level through "personal experience" and "indirect reading of master’s work notes".

Therefore, establishing a maintenance experience sharing platform to support technicians to find corresponding solutions through text/picture/voice when encountering problems can greatly improve the maintenance quality and reduce the maintenance cost (reducing the cost of returning goods and training due to misjudgment, etc.);

< 13th move > Remote maintenance and diagnosis platform based on networked sensors;

At present, all the control units (such as engine and gearbox) in the car have been digitized and networked, and automobile brand manufacturers have established a perfect data diagnosis and maintenance guide system based on this. In the past, this system was only open to 4S shops, but now it has been gradually introduced into the independent market.

Therefore, based on this technology, a remote maintenance and diagnosis platform can be established, which can automatically give early warning signals in the process of automobile driving and then guide the owner to adjust his driving habits or carry out lightweight maintenance. After an automobile accident, the platform can automatically send orders to the best repair shop nearby and support experienced technicians and experts to interact with ordinary technicians in the first-line repair shop in real time through AR equipment, thus greatly improving the maintenance quality of the repair shop and reducing the maintenance cost (reducing the labor cost of senior technicians).

It should be noted that &mdash; &mdash;

① There is no fixed application order for these 13 methods.For example, a company can first be an OEM brand foundry, and then use the advantages of supply chain to intensively open auto parts chain stores; You can also start a chain store of auto parts intensively first, and then make an OEM brand after you have a scale advantage.

② These 13 methods can be completely used by one company, and can also be jointly used by more than one downstream cooperative relationship or joint venture of several enterprises.For example, logistics infrastructure, an auto parts distributor can build its own logistics infrastructure, use the logistics infrastructure provided by a third party, or build its own logistics infrastructure for some businesses and use a third party for some businesses.

③　The value of the company and the speed of its growth depend on the diversity of the company’s use of 13 methods and the speed of promotion.But it doesn’t mean that companies need to use various methods at the same time in the initial stage. It is suggested that start-ups focus on one thing in the early stage to achieve the ultimate. The so-called "it is better to break one finger than to hurt its ten fingers".

How to choose a company needs to carefully consider its own business resources, team resources and market competition environment in specific regions.

Due to the limited space, this paper only presents the valuation status of "auto parts circulation channel", and the valuation system of auto parts manufacturers and maintenance services can be used as a similar reference.

The following table shows the core business data and valuation data of the four major auto parts chain companies in the United States &mdash; &mdash; Since the main business of Genuine Parts Company includes NAPA, industrial products and office supplies, it is not easy to separate them, so Auto Zone, Advance Auto Parts and O’Reilly are the best three valuation benchmarking companies for auto parts circulation track.

According to the calculation of 2 times P/S, if the market share of an auto parts channel company in China exceeds 1%, the company can become a unicorn with a value of 2.2 billion US dollars (780 billion RMB ×1%×2×1 US dollars /7.07 RMB = 2.2 billion US dollars); If an auto parts channel company is worth US$ 1 billion, its annual revenue only needs to reach RMB 3.5 billion (US$ 1 billion /2×7.07 RMB/US$ 1) and its market share is 4.5&permil; (3.5 billion RMB/750 billion RMB).

For auto parts distribution channel start-ups who are interested in cooperating with VC,We can consider taking [becoming a unicorn with a billion dollars in eight years] as the goal, so as to reverse the annual opening plan and store revenue growth plan in the first to eighth years, and accordingly design what kind of commodity procurement system, warehousing and logistics system and store operation system should be built to achieve this [final goal], and then design what kind of team needs to be formed in order to realize this system.&mdash; &mdash; Although the plan can’t keep up with the changes, and there are many uncertainties in the future business progress, in most cases, "if you plan ahead, you will be abolished."

P.S. The valuation calculation here is only used as a reference for large numbers. In fact, the valuation should be comprehensively considered in combination with the specific fundamental status quo, revenue/gross profit/net profit growth rate and competition links of the enterprise at that time.

　The above is the analysis of the present situation and future of China automobile aftermarket according to the top-down method &mdash; &mdash; After 10 years, there will be many unicorns in the aftermarket. I look forward to your contribution here!

[Author of Titanium Media: This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account "Xianfeng Chuangchuang" (ID:xianfengk2vc) by Zhang Runtao. 】

　　"Lhasa released" WeChat WeChat official account news, and the office of the Leading Group for Lhasa’s response to the COVID-19 epidemic reported the epidemic information as follows:

　　I. Distribution of infected persons

　　September 22nd 0&mdash; At 24: 00, there were 129 new cases of Covid-19 infection in Lhasa, including 9 newly confirmed cases and 120 asymptomatic infections. Both the newly confirmed cases and asymptomatic infections were found in closed-loop isolation control. Among them:

　　(1) Chengguan District: 126 new cases (6 confirmed cases and 120 asymptomatic infected persons) were added on that day.

　　(2) Duilong Deqing District (including Liuwu New District): 3 new cases were added that day (confirmed case 3).

　　Second, the delineation of risk areas

　　On September 22, the city’s high-risk areas were adjusted to 14 and the middle-risk areas were adjusted to 73. Specifically:

　　Medium risk area and risk reduction area (4):

　　1. Jintai construction site area in Economic Development Zone;

　　2. Deji Kangsa Area in Economic Development Zone;

　　3. Xiangtiwan Area in Economic Development Zone;

　　4. Sunshine New Town Area of Economic Development Zone.

　　(1) Chengguan District [including Wenchuang Park]

　　13 high-risk areas:

　　1. Chongsaikang community;

　　2. Danjielin Community (east of the middle section of Dorsenger Road);

　　3. Lalu Community in Kutokuhayashi Street;

　　4. Bayi Community of Jinzhu West Road Street (except grid one, two, three and six);

　　5. Lhasa Department Store Staff Community;

　　6. No.3 Water Conservancy Bureau Community, Lane 1, Linkuo East Road;

　　7. Lugu Community (east of the southern section of Dorsenger Road);

　　8. Jiarong Community in Najin Street;

　　9. Renqincai Village, Niangre Street;

　　10. Tour community (north of Jiangsu Road);

　　11. Cha Rong, Eco-Park Road, China UnionPay Tibet Branch;

　　12. Xiasasu community;

　　13. Zhaxi Street Xiongga Community.

　　60 middle risk areas:

　　1. Gaercuo Hotel in No.16 Bakuo Shopping Mall, beijing east road;

　　2. Changdu Office;

　　3. Happy New Village of Niangniang Road;

　　4. The Holy City Garden of Sela North Road;

　　5. No.12 Zaki Road;

　　6. The retirement base of Ali Agricultural Bank of Marinca Community in Shuangdao Street;

　　7. Jiquyuan Community, Jia Marinca Community, Liangdao Street;

　　8. Xianzu Island Ecological Residential District, Xianzu Island Community, Liangdao Street;

　　9. Bailin Community (north of Jiangsu Road);

　　10. Jibenggang Community;

　　11. Wood is like a community;

　　12. Safe and civilized community and its surroundings (Xizang Autonomous Region Sports Bureau Retirement Base, Himalayan Hotel);

　　13. Lhasa No.1 Middle School (dormitory building);

　　14. Tiebenggang Community (west of the middle section of Linkuo East Road);

　　15. Xizang Autonomous Region Film Public Service Center;

　　16. auspicious community;

　　17. No.36 Jiangsu Road;

　　18. Labaihe Balin Wholesale Department Community;

　　19. Jiacuo Community in Kutokuhayashi Street;

　　20. Kutokuhayashi Street Happiness Community (except Guohao Business Hotel, No.15 Niangniang South Road);

　　21. Anjuyuan of Meteorological Bureau;

　　22. Duodi Street (rented house No.47, Group 3, Gagong Anjuyuan, Saikang Fujiang Home and Weiba Village);

　　23. The Sanyi community in Duodi Street;

　　24. Group 5, Gaerxi Village, Niangre Street;

　　25. Baiding Village, Caigongtang Street (except Pure Land Zhizhao Industrial Park in Chengguan District);

　　26. Groups 2 and 4 of Cai Village, Caigongtang Street;

　　27. East District of Langsai 11th District, Caicun, Caigongtang Street;

　　28. Xiangga Highway Community in Caicun, Caigongtang Street;

　　29. Yutao Health in Caicun, Caigongtang Street;

　　30. Enhuiyuan Community in Caigongtang Street (Enhuiyuan Community, Taixi Yueting, Hanlinyuan, Lhasa Teachers College, Lhasa No.2 Senior High School);

　　31. Cemenlin Community (east of the northern section of Dorsenger Road);

　　32. Gemuqi Community;

　　33. Balang School Community;

　　34. Hebalin Community (west of Linkuo East Road);

　　35. District 9 of Langsai, Nizhuolin Community, Zhaxi Street;

　　36. Nizhuoyuan in Nizhuolin Community of Zhaxi Street and its surroundings (Xinfudi Automobile Maintenance Factory);

　　37. West Zone of Shuyuan Community, Nizhuolin Community, Zhaxi Street;

　　38. Tuanjie New Village Community in Zhaxi Street;

　　39. Zhaxi Street Zhaxi Community;

　　40. Zhaxi Street Zhaxi New Village Community;

　　41. Kutokuhayashi Street Snow Community;

　　42. Xin ‘an Residential Garden in the Eastern Suburb;

　　43. Groups 1, 2, 3 and 6 of Ejietang Community in Gamagongsang Street;

　　44. Gemina Elevator Apartment (in Junyi Hotel, Najin Road);

　　45. Jingu Express Hotel;

　　46. Lhasa No.8 Middle School (dormitory);

　　47. Ruyi Elevator Apartment (Zangre South Road);

　　48. Happy Home Area B;

　　49. Danba Community in Jinzhu West Road Street (except Lhasa Company of Xizang Autonomous Region Tobacco Company, No.39 Beijing West Road, Jingxin Hall, Wen Jun Garden No.10 District, Simple Apartment, Shuntong Community, Wojia Courtyard, Xuanhe Apartment, Cui Zonghua Rental House, Ruan Apartment, Zhihua Rental House, Pengxi Apartment and Debu Rental House);

　　50. Abalinka Community in Niangre Street;

　　51. Cisongtang Community in Niangniang Street;

　　52. Najin Village, Najin Street;

　　53. Naru Community in Najin Street (except Future City Community, District D of Chengguan Garden and Chengxiangyuan);

　　54. Tama Village, Najin Street;

　　55. Group 4, Cijuelin Village, Wenchuang Park;

　　56. One, two, three and six grids of Bayi Community in Jinzhu West Road Street;

　　57. Cijuelin Staff Apartment Community in Wenchuang Park;

　　58. Zone 2 of Xingfuyuan in Wenchuang Park;

　　59. Yunlong Hotel on Beijing Middle Road;

　　60. Luodui Community, Jinzhu West Road Street.

　　(2) Duilong Deqing District [including Economic Development Zone and Liuwu New District]

　　1 high-risk area:

　　1. Around the window of Lhasa (except the window of Lhasa).

　　13 middle risk areas:

　　1. Around Jindunyuan (except Lingyue Mansion, Layachao Hotel and Jindunyuan);

　　2. Liuwu Building and its surroundings (except Gangren International);

　　3. Jinma International and its surroundings (except Sangdanlin Phase I Community and Tourism Garden);

　　4. Hailiang Phase I and its surroundings;

　　5. Deyang Village, Liuwu New District;

　　6. Fortune Plaza Phase I and its surroundings (except Ruida Supermarket (Zhongying Black Forest Store));

　　7. Xiangyun Huafu and its surroundings;

　　8. Window of Lhasa Community;

　　9. Nanga Community 1&mdash; Group 7;

　　10. Dakang Group of Yangda Community;

　　11. Sang Mu community 1&mdash; 5 groups;

　　12. Area A A1 and Area B A2 of Yangda Street Industrial Park;

　　13. Talents Apartment in Economic Development Zone.

State and municipal people’s governments, provincial committees, offices, departments and bureaus:

"Key Points of Deepening the Reform of streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services in Yunnan Province in 2022" has been agreed by the provincial people’s government and is hereby issued to you, please implement it carefully.

General Office of Yunnan Provincial People’s Government

March 19, 2022

(This piece is publicly released)

Key Points of Deepening the Reform of "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" in Yunnan Province in 2022

In 2022, the overall requirements for deepening the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform in the whole province are: adhering to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, fully implementing the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on deepening the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform and the work requirements of the provincial party committee and government, adhering to the people-centered development thought, taking better, faster and more convenient business and entrepreneurship as the guide, further intensifying the transformation of government functions and the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform, optimizing the business environment, and helping Yunnan to achieve high quality.

First, deepen decentralization, relax market access and stimulate market vitality.

(a) the full implementation of administrative licensing list management. By the end of 2022, the list of administrative licensing items at the provincial, city and county levels will be published at different levels, and the linkage adjustment mechanism between the basic catalogue of government service items and the list of powers and responsibilities will be explored, so that the government can clearly expose its power and the business people can understand things. Continue to promote the empowerment of key areas.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(2) Deepening the reform of the investment examination and approval system. Revise the Implementation Measures for Approval and Filing of Investment Projects of Enterprises in Yunnan Province, adjust and improve the List of Approval Items of Investment Projects in Yunnan Province, and simplify the approval process of specific government investment projects. Implement the reform of enterprise investment project commitment system. Relying on the province’s integrated government service platform, we will promote the interconnection and data sharing between the online approval and supervision platform for investment projects and relevant approval systems.(Provincial Development and Reform Commission takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(3) Deepening the reform of the commercial system. We will promote the reform of separate registration of market entities’ residences and business premises. Carry out the "enterprise residence commitment system" and improve the "independent declaration of enterprise name" mechanism. Carry out the pilot reform of the registration and confirmation system for commercial subjects in China (Yunnan) Pilot Free Trade Zone.(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(four) continue to deepen the reform of the examination and approval system for engineering construction projects. Accelerate the data sharing and interconnection of relevant information platforms, and improve the cross-departmental and cross-level parallel approval rate. In 2022, the approval time for general government investment projects will be reduced to less than 50 working days.(led by the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Provincial Development and Reform Commission and the Provincial Department of Natural Resources; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(5) Consolidate and deepen the reform of examination and approval of planned land. Deepen the reform of "multi-examination and multi-certification integration" of planned land based on "multi-regulation integration", accelerate the "multi-measurement integration", and gradually establish and improve the surveying and mapping business coordination and data update sharing mechanism required for "multi-regulation integration" to realize "one-time entrustment, joint surveying and mapping and achievement sharing" in all stages of engineering construction projects. Formulate the relevant policies and corresponding index system for the transfer of "standard land" for new industrial projects in Yunnan Province.(led by the Provincial Department of Natural Resources; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(six) to promote the full coverage of the "separation of licenses" reform. Classified and hierarchical management shall be implemented for business licensing matters involving enterprises, and a list management system shall be established. Actively promote the pilot reform of "one industry and one license", "one enterprise and one license", "license joint office" and "one photo and multiple addresses".(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(seven) the full implementation of certification list management. We will further promote the action of "reducing certificates and facilitating people", formulate and publish a list of certification items in Yunnan Province, and dynamically adjust the list of certification items in the notification commitment system.(led by the Provincial Department of Justice; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(8) Strictly implement the negative list system for market access. Continue to carry out market access effectiveness evaluation (Yunnan pilot), implement the system of collecting and reporting cases that violate the negative list of market access, unblock the channels for market participants to feedback various market access issues, and create a fairer and smoother market access environment.(Provincial Development and Reform Commission takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

Two, improve the supervision mode, standardize the market order, improve the efficiency of supervision.

(nine) to promote the normalization of "double random and open" supervision. Incorporate double random spot checks into the province’s post-event supervision plan in 2022, expand the coverage of joint "double random and one open" supervision by departments, and include more matters into the scope of joint spot checks. Improve and perfect the "double random and open" supervision work platform, gather the supervision data of relevant departments, and scientifically carry out daily supervision.(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(10) Strengthen supervision in key areas. Strict supervision of food, medicines, vaccines, environmental protection, safe production and other fields directly related to public safety and people’s lives and health is carried out with the whole subject, all varieties and the whole chain.(led by the Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, the Provincial Department of Ecology and Environment, the Provincial Health and Wellness Commission and the Provincial Emergency Department; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(eleven) to further promote the construction of social credit system. Deepen the construction of credit supervision, credit commitment and credit application, and accelerate the supervision of credit classification and classification. Improve and perfect the work system of information collection and sharing related to enterprises, and enhance the sharing and application ability of credit information data. Accelerate the "Trust-Easy+"trustworthiness incentive work, and promote the development of credit services at different levels and in different fields. Improve the credit repair mechanism, strengthen the sharing of credit repair information and mutual recognition of results.(Provincial Development and Reform Commission takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(12) Innovative, inclusive and prudent supervision. Explore innovative regulatory standards and models, and give play to the role of platform supervision and industry self-discipline. Explore the implementation of flexible supervision and smart supervision in some areas, promote the implementation of the list of minor violations of the law and establish a list of non-administrative compulsory measures.(led by the Provincial Department of Justice; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(thirteen) standardize the administrative law enforcement behavior. Organize and carry out law enforcement inspection on the implementation of the Administrative Punishment Law. Strictly implement the three systems of administrative law enforcement and continue to carry out file evaluation. Strengthen the supervision of law enforcement departments such as market supervision and urban management, and further standardize administrative law enforcement behavior.(led by the Provincial Department of Justice; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(fourteen) in-depth implementation of the fair competition review system. Conscientiously implement the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Fair Competition Review System, strictly implement policies and measures for fair competition review, improve the quality of review, and continuously clean up and abolish regulations and practices that hinder unified market and fair competition.(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(fifteen) to strengthen anti-monopoly and anti unfair competition law enforcement. Seriously investigate and deal with the abuse of administrative power to exclude and restrict competition, as well as the abuse of market dominance by operators and the conclusion of monopoly agreements to restrict competition, and intensify the investigation and punishment of illegal acts of unfair competition.(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

Third, optimize government services, help enterprises develop, and facilitate the masses to handle affairs.

(sixteen) to promote the standardization and facilitation of government services. Formulate and issue implementation opinions on accelerating the standardization, standardization and facilitation of government services in Yunnan Province. Standardize the window setting and business handling of government services, and establish and improve the service optimization mechanism.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(seventeen) continue to promote the "one network". Upgrade the province’s integrated government service platform, continue to promote the docking of high-frequency business systems, promote grassroots business systems to access the province’s integrated government service platform, and focus on solving the problem of repeated entry of business data at the grassroots level. Optimize "one mobile phone to handle affairs" and launch more new functions and new items that benefit enterprises and facilitate the people. Promote the aging transformation of the province’s integrated government service platform. Strive to achieve an online service rate of over 97% in 2022, an online service rate of over 70% in the whole process, and an "instant service" ratio of administrative licensing items to 35%.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(eighteen) to accelerate the orderly sharing of government service data. Compile the catalogue of government service data resources and the list of supply and demand docking, and improve the sharing and exchange mechanism of government service data. With the sharing of government service data and the popularization and application of electronic certificates, we will support the government service matters to reduce links, materials, time and running.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(nineteen) to promote the application of electronic certificates and mutual recognition. Expand the application fields of personal electronic licenses and enterprise electronic licenses, accelerate the standardization of electronic licenses, and strengthen the cross-regional and cross-departmental cooperation in the application of electronic licenses. Strive to basically realize the electronization of the common licenses of enterprises and the masses before the end of 2022, and simultaneously issue and apply them with the physical licenses, with unified standards and mutual recognition throughout the province.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty) vigorously promote the "one thing at a time", "inter provincial office" and "provincial office". Accelerate the "inter-provincial general office" of government services in the five southwestern provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and the Pan-Pearl River Delta region. Efforts will be made to promote the implementation of the "five-level and twelve-level" implementation list for government service matters at the grassroots level, and accelerate the implementation of "one network for high-frequency government service matters". Deploy and apply a unified bidding acceptance system on the Internet side to improve the actual service rate of village-level platforms. Accelerate the launch of the first batch of integrated services on the theme of work, and provide themed and package services.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-one) to optimize the people’s livelihood security services. We will carry out centralized survey and joint examination and approval for the occupation, excavation and temporary occupation of urban roads and green spaces by external access projects of municipal facilities such as water, electricity and gas, and realize the "one thing at a time" for the installation of water, electricity and gas for construction projects. Promote the simultaneous handling of water and electricity transfer and real estate registration. Promote the full coverage of notarization in the pilot work of judicial auxiliary affairs of people’s courts. Full implementation of the "internet plus real estate registration", and expansion of the new commercial housing "upon delivery of the certificate" service. Relying on the national integrated government service platform, we will improve the policies and procedures for the transfer and continuation of medical insurance relations and promote "online office". Strengthen data sharing among social assistance departments, use big data analysis to accurately find the target of assistance, and change "people looking for policies" into "policies looking for people".(Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Department of Civil Affairs, Provincial Department of Justice, Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Energy Bureau, Provincial Medical Insurance Bureau, and the people’s governments at the state and municipal levels are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-two) to strengthen the efficiency supervision of government services. We will improve the system of "good bad reviews" for government services, increase the supervision of the rectification of bad reviews, and ensure that the rectification rate of real-name bad reviews is 100%. Strengthen the analysis and application of evaluation data, and establish a long-term solution mechanism for high-frequency issues with concentrated bad reviews and direct relationship with the vital interests of the people. Create an integrated efficiency supervision platform, and bring the whole process of government service and supervision into the real-time supervision of the platform to improve the intelligent and digital level of efficiency supervision.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

Fourth, create an innovative and entrepreneurial ecology and enhance the vitality of development

(twenty-three) to further optimize the foreign investment environment. Fully implement the national treatment plus negative list management system before foreign investment access. Strengthen the management of filing (approval) of foreign-invested projects to ensure preferential treatment for foreign-invested projects. Actively do a good job in the reserve and landing support services for major foreign-funded projects. Promote the implementation of RCEP China commitments, strengthen port opening cooperation, and improve the utilization rate of FTA.(led by the Provincial Development and Reform Commission and the Provincial Department of Commerce; Provincial departments, the relevant state and municipal people’s governments shall be responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-four) optimize the services provided by enterprises. We will continue to upgrade and set up a "one-window service platform" for enterprises, optimize work procedures, and fully implement the "one-form declaration" model. Promote the use of electronic business licenses, electronic seals and electronic invoices, and explore the simultaneous online completion of "doing" and "taking". In 2022, the start-up time of enterprises will be reduced to less than one working day.(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Public Security Department and Provincial Taxation Bureau take the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-five) vigorously promote the facilitation of customs clearance at ports. Strengthen port infrastructure construction and continuously optimize port opening layout. Promote the realization of the "single window" service function of international trade from port customs clearance to port logistics and trade services, and continue to promote the application of the "single window" platform of international trade in China (Yunnan). Accelerate the progress of export tax rebate, and reduce the average processing time of normal export tax rebate business to less than 6 working days before the end of 2022.(led by Provincial Department of Commerce, Kunming Customs and Provincial Taxation Bureau; Provincial departments, the relevant state and municipal people’s governments shall be responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-six) to enhance the ability of financial institutions to serve small and micro enterprises. Increase the scale and intensity of small and micro enterprises’ first loans, credit loans and medium and long-term loans. Support financial institutions to issue special financial bonds for small and micro enterprises. Expand the scale of government financing guarantee business for small and micro enterprises. Guide financial institutions to innovate financial products that meet the characteristics of small and micro enterprises, such as light assets and heavy intelligence, and improve the corresponding credit management mechanism.(Kunming Central Branch of the People’s Bank of China takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-seven) increase support for scientific and technological innovation. Strengthen the creation of space and incubators, and vigorously cultivate scientific and technological enterprises. Implement the "triple multiplication" action plan of high-tech enterprises and guide them to develop in the direction of specialization, quality and characteristics.(led by the Provincial Science and Technology Department; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(28) Stabilize and expand employment. Implement the national policy of supporting multi-channel flexible employment and further broaden the employment channels for workers. Improve the minimum wage and payment guarantee system, and promote the inclusion of new employment forms of workers who do not fully meet the established labor relations into the scope of system protection. Promote the work of occupational injury protection for flexible employees on the platform, establish and improve the service standard and operation mechanism of occupational injury protection management, and earnestly safeguard the labor security rights and interests of workers in new employment forms.(led by the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-nine) to further optimize the tax service. Accelerate the construction of smart taxation, and in 2022, basically realize the "one household" and "one person" intelligent collection of corporate tax information. We will steadily implement the reform of electronic invoices, and provide taxpayers with services such as application, issuance, delivery and inspection of electronic invoices 24 hours a day.(Provincial Taxation Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(30) Establish and improve the normalized communication mechanism between government and enterprises. We will improve the comprehensive platform for optimizing the business environment, set up a questionnaire on business environment satisfaction and a complaint reporting column in a normal way, and achieve a closed-loop working mechanism for online handling of the whole process, such as questionnaire survey, complaint reporting, assigned handling and result feedback, so as to realize the 24-hour normal supervision of the business environment by enterprises and the masses.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

All localities and relevant departments should effectively incorporate the deepening of the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform into the important work schedule of local departments, strictly follow the requirements of task-oriented, project-oriented and list-oriented, strengthen coordination and strengthen measures to ensure the orderly and efficient promotion of all work in 2022. The lead unit should play a leading role, organize and implement various special tasks to ensure clear time limit, quantitative tasks, detailed responsibilities and transformation of results; Responsible units should conscientiously perform their duties, act actively and effectively, and form a joint effort. Significant progress and achievements, outstanding problems and suggestions for improvement in the work should be reported to the provincial people’s government in a timely manner.

"One shot of HPV vaccine can effectively prevent cervical cancer, which is equivalent to two or three shots." This is the latest suggestion from the Advisory Expert Group on Immunization Strategy (SAGE) of the World Health Organization (WHO).

As a female malignant tumor, the incidence rate is second only to that of breast cancer. Cervical cancer is the only cancer with clear etiology-HPV-induced lesion. It is also the only cancer that human beings can prevent at present-vaccination with HPV vaccine.

However, due to low production capacity and insufficient supply, many people have not been vaccinated with this vaccine so far. # I am anxious about producing HPV vaccine # The topic that HPV vaccine is hard to find has repeatedly become a hot search.

SAGE’s latest assessment can change this situation?

What does it mean that HPV vaccine is effective with one shot?

At present, there are five HPV vaccines approved for marketing in the world, all of which need 2 or 3 injections. The suggestion that one shot is enough representsUnder the premise of constant production capacity, the vaccination speed of HPV vaccine will be more than twice as fast as it is now.

However, SAGE’s suggestion is not the final conclusion. WHO said that before the formal revision of the position paper on HPV vaccine, a meeting will be held to discuss the interests.

Even if the WHO revised the vaccination program recommendations in the future and adopted them in China, it will take a long time.According to the policy of National Medical Products Administration, if the vaccine needs to be changed, it needs to perform a series of clinical data support to ensure that the vaccine is effective for the local population in China. This process is often calculated in years.

Moreover, although studies have shown that the protective effect of single-dose HPV vaccine is really good, so far, single-dose HPV vaccine still lacks the support of clinical data. SAGE would make such a "quick" suggestion, considering the current situation that HPV vaccine is out of stock. Nothemba (Nono) Simelela, Assistant Director-General of WHO, said: "This single-dose proposal is likely to enable us to achieve the goal of eliminating cervical cancer faster."

WHO in the "global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer" proposed cancer eradication methods are:By 2030, 90% of girls will be vaccinated with HPV before the age of 15. However, due to the shortage of vaccines, this figure will reach 13% in 2020.

China also faces similar problems.

According to the estimation of Song Yifan and others from the Immunization Planning Center of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, since GlaxoSmithKline became the first HPV vaccine approved for marketing in China in July 2016,By the end of 2020, the HPV vaccination rate of school-age women in China will be 2.24%.Although the vaccination rates in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities are among the highest in China, they only reach 7% and 8%.

It took only a few short years for COVID-19 vaccine to go from research and development to marketing to mass inoculation. Compared with this, the vaccination rate of HPV vaccine has grown slowly. Why? The answer is that production capacity can’t keep up.

Although the history of HPV vaccine research and development has been more than 30 years,But today, only four vaccine manufacturers in the world are producing HPV vaccines.Moreover, before Wan Tai Bio and watson biological’s domestic bivalent vaccines went on the market, for a long time, the whole world relied on GlaxoSmithKline and Merck to provide vaccines.

As the only four-valent and nine-valent HPV vaccine supplier in the world at present, Merck promised in early 2022 to substantially increase the supply of HPV vaccine to China. However, compared with hundreds of millions of school-age women in China, the supply that Merck can increase is still "a drop in the bucket".

And it may be China vaccine enterprises that can finally solve this supply and demand problem.

Domestic HPV vaccine, production capacity soared

On the last day of 2019, Xinkening, a bivalent domestic HPV vaccine developed by Wan Tai Biotech, was approved for marketing, with a price of 329 yuan/needle, which can be vaccinated by women aged 9 to 45. At that time, sirrah, which was also a bivalent HPV vaccine, needed 580 yuan for one shot and could not be vaccinated under 20 years old.

Cheaper price and wider vaccination age allowed Xinkening to surpass sirrah in the first year of listing.Quickly seized the domestic bivalent HPV vaccine market. By 2021, Wan Tai Bio will issue 10.66 million bivalent HPV vaccines a year.

With the recent listing of the second domestic bivalent HPV vaccine, Wozehui, the shortage of HPV vaccine is expected to be further alleviated. Watson biological, who is responsible for the production of Wozehui, said that "a modern production base with a capacity of 30 million doses of HPV bivalent vaccine has been built".

However, compared with bivalent HPV vaccine, which is more and more easy to get, many people want to get tetravalent or even nine-valent HPV vaccine.

The so-called "price" refers to the number of HPV virus models prevented by vaccines. At present, more than 200 HPV models have been discovered, not all of which will cause cancer.Most cases of cervical cancer are infected with one of 14 high-risk HPV.The bivalent HPV vaccine covers two of the most common, and the nine-valent vaccine covers seven of them and two low-risk HPV.

Because the higher the valence, the more kinds of HPV viruses can be prevented, which makes Jiuvalence the most tight HPV vaccine at present.

How hard is it to grab nine prices? Let’s take a look at Shenzhen, which uses the lottery method to decide the vaccination opportunity: The results of the third phase of the nine-valent HPV vaccine lottery in 2022 show that there are 527,000 applicants in this period, while the index is only 21,000, and the winning rate is only 4%.

This situation is also expected to be solved by domestic vaccines in the future.

At present,At least 14 kinds of HPV vaccines from pharmaceutical companies in China have entered the clinical research stage or been approved in clinical trials, and nearly half of them are 9-valent HPV vaccines.Among them, the fastest-growing nine-valent vaccines have entered the clinical phase III, which means that the domestic nine-valent vaccines are getting closer and closer to the end of the market.

In addition to the nine-valent, higher-priced HPV vaccines have also entered clinical trials. According to the data released by Shenzhou Cell, the tetravalent HPV vaccine they developed covered all 12 high-risk HPV subtypes published by WHO, and the prevention rate of cervical cancer increased from 90% to 96%.

So many companies are scrambling to develop HPV vaccine, which is also related to the profit potential of this market. With a bivalent HPV vaccine, the revenue of Wan Tai Bio’s vaccine business increased by 360.75% in 2021.

The more intense the domestic vaccine "rolls", the higher the chance of ordinary people hitting HPV vaccine in the future.

Price is the key to popularize HPV vaccine.

In addition to increasing the production of HPV vaccine,The entry of domestic vaccines will also bring a significant impact, which is to reduce the price of HPV vaccine.

The single price of Xinkening is 43.3% lower than that of imported bivalent HPV vaccine. Wozehui, which went on the market in March 2022, further reduced the bivalent purchase cost, with a price of 319 yuan each.

SAGE recommended a single dose of HPV vaccine, not only considering the problem of low vaccine productivity, but also considering the high cost of vaccination.

A survey published in China Public Health last December showed that three-quarters of the women interviewed in Guangzhou were willing to take HPV vaccine.But more than 70% of people can’t accept spending more on HPV vaccine than 1000 yuan.

This means that in addition to the domestic bivalent HPV vaccine, the current imported tetravalent and nonavalent vaccines are too expensive for most people.

If you don’t want to wait, the cost will be higher. Because there is a 26-year-old age limit for the 9-valent HPV vaccine in China, many girls are worried that they will not be able to fight at the end of the queue for too long, so they will pay extra money to go to private hospitals to fight at the spot price of 9-valent HPV vaccine, and the final cost is often twice the guiding price.

However, the state that HPV vaccine is rare will not last forever.Zhang Jun, deputy dean of the School of Public Health of Xiamen University, said that the domestic HPV vaccine is expected to be in short supply for about three years, and then the supply will exceed the demand, and the price will drop sharply, and it will enter the era of national immunization planning.

Although the HPV vaccine has not been included in the national immunization program or medical insurance coverage, National Health Commission encourages qualified areas to pilot free vaccination of HPV vaccine first and gradually promote it.

At present, dozens of cities in China have started to pilot free HPV vaccination programs.The target population of primary vaccination is mostly girls around the age of 14.

And this is also the best age for HPV vaccination. Some scholars have analyzed the effect of HPV vaccination in the UK from 2006 to 2019 and found that,The incidence of cervical cancer in women who are vaccinated with HPV vaccine at the age of 12 ~ 13 is 87% lower than that in those who are not vaccinated;Vaccination at the age of 14 ~ 16 reduced the incidence by 62%. At the age of 16 ~ 18, the vaccination rate was only 34% lower.

But missing the best age doesn’t mean it won’t work. And even if you are over 26 years old, you may still be priced at nine in the future. Merck has started the phase III clinical trial of nine-valent HPV vaccine in China, and the suitable age group of nine-valent HPV vaccine is expected to be relaxed to 9-45 years old.

Perhaps, the post-90s generation will be the only generation in China with age anxiety because they can’t get the nine-valent HPV vaccine.

References:

1.WHO-《One-dose Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine offers solid protection against cervical cancer》， https://www.who.int/news/item/11-04-2022-one-dose-human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-vaccine-offers-solid-protection-against-cervical-cancer

2. National Medical Products Administration -HPV vaccine and prevention of cervical cancer, https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/directory/web/nmpa/yaopin/ypjgdt/20190722080001877.html.

3. Song Yifan et al.-Estimated Vaccination Rate of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine for Women Aged 9-45 in China from 2018 to 2020.

4. China News Network-"Multinational enterprises in urgent need of HPV vaccination for Chinese people: will greatly increase supply", https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2022/01-11/9649162.shtml.

5. Beijing News-"After 17 years of research and development, the second domestic HPV vaccine was approved. Will there be a shortage of vaccines in the future?" 》， https://www.bjnews.com.cn/

6. Shenzhen Health and Health Commission-"1564 young ladies won! In March, the results of Shenzhen nine-valent HPV vaccine lottery were released! 》， https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/

7. The Paper-"The world’s first 14-valent HPV vaccine entered the second clinical phase in China. Is it safe after" adding "? 》， https://m.thepaper.cn/

8. Wan Tai Biology-Wan Tai Biology Annual Report 2021

9.Milena Falcaro et al.-The Effects of the National HPV Vaccination Programme in England, UK, on cervical cancer and grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia incidence: a register-based observational study》

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　　****

　　What were the major events of the past week? Which ones are worth paying attention to? Which ones are relevant to you? Please see the review of the major events of the week.

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