● Installing elevators in old communities not only helps to alleviate the problem of "travel difficulties" of the elderly in the aging society, but also is a powerful measure to promote the transformation of old communities. At present, the modes of installing elevators mainly include agent leasing, self-construction by residents and investment by property rights units or collective organizations.

　　● At present, there are still various problems in practice. For example, it is difficult to get residents’ satisfaction by installing elevators. Some residents refuse to install elevators because of sharing the cost and causing inconvenience to their lives. Some residents regret after installing elevators, which leads to many community contradictions and disputes.

　　● In terms of policy design, local governments can further improve the voting rules for installing elevators within the legal framework; Formulate quantitative compensation standards according to disputed matters; According to the frequently disputed problems in the process of elevator installation and the technical problems that residents are generally concerned about, relevant action guidelines or operation manuals shall be worked out.

　　□ Trainee reporter of this newspaper Sun Tianjiao Zhang Shoukun

　　□ Our reporter Han Dandong

　　At 10 am on January 15th, 76-year-old Uncle Wang was sitting on the community promenade in Gaojiayuan Community, Chaoyang District, Beijing, chatting with his neighbors. This is the first time he went downstairs in nearly half a month.

　　The residential area where Uncle Wang lives was built in 1980s, and it is a six-story unit building with no elevator. He lives on the top floor. Because of the inconvenience of his legs and feet, he usually doesn’t go downstairs. The necessities of daily life are sent by his son who lives in the same city every few days.

　　"If only there were an elevator outside the building, it would be much more convenient to go up and down." Uncle Wang is looking forward to it.

　　Nowadays, in cities, there are more and more elderly people like Uncle Wang who are "difficult to climb the stairs" and "not free to go downstairs". According to the statistics of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and other relevant departments, the number of old houses built in China from 1980 to 2000 is about 8 billion square meters, and more than 70% of the urban elderly people live in old buildings without elevators. It is estimated that the number of elevators needed to be installed in old buildings in China is more than 2 million.

　　In recent years, the national and local authorities have paid more and more attention to the elevator installation project in old residential areas. According to the official news of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, since 2019, 112,000 old urban communities have been newly started and renovated nationwide, and nearly 20,000 elevators have been installed in various places in combination with the renovation of old urban communities.

　　In terms of quantity, the gap of installing elevators in old communities is still large. However, according to a recent investigation by the reporter of the Rule of Law Daily, there are still various problems in practice. For example, it is difficult to get residents’ agreement on installing elevators. Some residents refuse to install elevators because of cost sharing and inconvenience in life, and some residents regret after installing elevators, which has led to many community contradictions and disputes.

　　Experts interviewed by the reporter agreed that it is indeed necessary to install elevator projects in old communities, but it is necessary to establish a more clear and understandable policy system and update rules to form a more perfect interest coordination mechanism.

　　Install elevators in old communities.

　　High-rise residents have received constant praise.

　　Uncle Zhang, who lives in Building 50, Tiantan Dongli, Dongcheng District, Beijing, is luckier than Uncle Wang — — The outdoor elevator has been installed in the residential unit building where he lives.

　　Uncle Zhang is over 70 years old this year, and a family of five lives on the sixth floor of Unit 4. Before the elevator was installed, everyone in the family was full of complaints about going up and down the stairs: grandson usually goes to school and wants to play with his friends, always complaining that climbing stairs is tiring and wasting time; The old couple usually buy food or take heavy things outside, and it is particularly difficult to move upstairs.

　　In 2018, the community installed outdoor elevators for units 3 and 4, which made it much more convenient for residents to swipe their cards and go upstairs and downstairs.

　　At the end of December 2021, the reporter came to the community to see that in addition to the elevators already built in Units 3 and 4, a new external elevator was being built between Units 1 and 2. A passing unit resident said, "We were envious when we saw that they had an elevator. Now we finally have it, so we don’t have to climb the stairs."

　　The reporter interviewed a number of elderly people randomly and found that after the installation of elevators in old communities, high-rise residents received constant praise.

　　In the Beili Community of Fatou, Chaoyang District, Beijing, the reporter saw that the highest floor of this old community built in the 1980s is 6 floors. In front of Building 16, four completed external elevators have been erected, and several elevators are under construction in front of Building 17.

　　On the wing of Building 17, the reporter saw Ms. Han who went downstairs for a walk. Ms. Han, 78, lives with her wife on the 4th floor, Unit 3, Building 17. Because there is no elevator, it is inconvenient to go up and down the stairs. My son once proposed to buy a house with an elevator for them, but the parents could not bear to part with the neighborhood, so they gave up.

　　"Fortunately, it is necessary to install an elevator now. For our family, it really saves time, effort and money." Ms. Han said.

　　According to Yang Qinfa, director of the Institute of Real Estate Policy and Law of East China University of Political Science and Law, the installation of elevators in old communities not only helps to alleviate the problem of travel difficulties for the elderly in an aging society, but also is a powerful measure to promote the transformation of old communities. At the same time, it is a major livelihood project to promote the installation of elevators in old residential areas. Apart from the broad market prospect of elevator industry, the installation of elevators in old residential areas can also promote the development of industrial chains related to real estate, which is also of great significance to stimulate residents’ consumption.

　　During the interview, the reporter found that the current mode of installing elevators in old communities is not exactly the same.

　　When Ms. Wang, who lives in the 6th floor, Unit 2, Building 17, an old residential area in xiaodian district, Taiyuan, Shanxi, installed the elevator in her residential area, she adopted a more traditional way of joint investment by residents. According to Ms. Wang, at that time, the government subsidized a lot of funds. The first to second floor residents did not bear the installation cost, and the expenses shared by the third to sixth floors varied according to the floor height, with a maximum of about 18,000 yuan. As the top resident, Ms. Wang contributed a total of 18,300 yuan.

　　Beijing Tiantan Dongli Building No.50 and Fatou Beili Community are different. It is understood that residents did not spend a penny when installing elevators in these two communities. After the elevators are built, residents can take the elevator card, just like taking a bus. Whoever takes the elevator will pay for it.

　　In front of the elevator in Building 50 in Dongli, Tiantan, the reporter found that non-resident visitors can also take the elevator by scanning the QR code through their mobile phones. The single price is 1.5 yuan, regardless of the floor. According to Uncle Zhang, residents in the building will get a "preferential price" after they get a card, which varies from 0.5 yuan to 0.9 yuan according to different floors. "Our family lives on the top floor, and every time we take the elevator, we have to spend 0.9 yuan. My grandson often goes back and forth after having the elevator. In fact, the cost is not small. Our family spends more than 100 yuan on the elevator every month."

　　At present, the elevators in Fatou Beili Community only support credit card use, and foreign visitors can’t ride without a card.

　　Yang Qinfa said that at present, there are three main modes of installing elevators, namely, residents’ self-construction, agent leasing and property rights units or collective organizations’ investment.

　　Yang Qinfa believes that among the three ways, the best way for residents is "agent leasing": the elevator is built by a third party, and residents in the community only need to pay a certain ride fee when using the elevator, and the maintenance fee, maintenance fee and electricity fee of the elevator are borne by the third party. This method can solve the problem of capital contribution among residents, but the difficulty lies in the will of the elevator company because of the great pressure on it. Therefore, at present, the owner’s self-financing and self-construction method is also being implemented.

　　Many problems cannot be ignored.

　　One-vote veto is controversial

　　Although the call for installing elevators is strong, the reporter randomly visited 12 old residential areas in Beijing and Tianjin and found that only three have installed elevators, and the number and proportion are still relatively small, and they have not covered all residential buildings. In addition, some residents have different troubles in the residential areas where elevators have been installed or planned.

　　Mr. Liu, a 76-year-old resident on the first floor of Unit 6, Building 16, Fatou Beili Community, said, "We are old neighbors for decades, so I agreed without any hesitation when I asked the residents about installing the elevator, but I encountered some troubles after installing the elevator."

　　Because he lives on the first floor, Mr. Liu immediately felt that the lighting in the room was affected after the elevator was built. Usually, the lighting in the living room is quite good, but even during the day after the elevator, you have to turn on the lights at home, otherwise you can’t see clearly.

　　In addition, outside the window of Mr. Liu’s kitchen is the elevator. When the elevator is designed, it extends a eaves, which is just as high as the window on the first floor. As a result, rain water will drip into Mr. Liu’s kitchen along the eaves when it rains, and the kitchen will become damp over time.

　　Ms. Wang of Taiyuan also feels that there are some problems: "The elevators in the community are installed outside the building, which takes up a lot of outdoor space, which affects the neatness, neatness and beauty of the outdoor, and therefore reduces the number of parking spaces."

　　Ms. Wang recalled that at that time, the low-rise residents in the next unit did not agree to install elevators, because it would reduce the rent and the selling price of second-hand houses. They even asked other residents to pay compensation, otherwise they would resolutely oppose it, so that everyone could not install elevators. "The residents of that unit also quarreled many times, and the neighborhood Committee could not mediate, and eventually it was not installed."

　　It is not uncommon for low-rise residents to oppose the installation of elevators. In Building 16, Beili Community, Fatou, no elevators have been installed in Units 2 and 4. The reporter learned from the residents that this was because the low-rise residents of Units 2 and 4 explicitly opposed it when soliciting the opinions of residents at that time, so they were not built at the same time.

　　It is reported that at present, the procedures for installing elevators in old residential areas in Beijing mainly refer to the Manual for Comprehensive Renovation of Old Residential Areas in Beijing issued by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development in April 2020, in which the requirement for soliciting residents’ opinions is that "the intention and preliminary plan of installing elevators in existing multi-storey houses should fully listen to the opinions of all owners within the scope of the proposed installation of elevators, and be agreed by the owners whose exclusive parts account for more than two-thirds of the total construction area of the unit and more than two-thirds of the total number, and other owners have no objection".

　　This means that once residents clearly express their opposition, even if the proportion of owners who agree is up to standard, the unit still cannot be equipped with elevators.

　　Like Beijing, the "one-vote veto" system in which one person opposes the total denial of the installation of elevators in old residential areas has been "evaded" in many places through relevant regulations.

　　For example, in January, 2021, Shanghai Housing and Urban-Rural Development Management Committee and Shanghai Housing Authority jointly issued the Notice on Adjusting the Vote Proportion of Owners Adding Elevators to Existing Multi-storey Houses in this Municipality, which stipulated that applicants should fully negotiate on the intention and specific scheme of adding elevators, and solicit the opinions of all owners of the building where they are located. Owners with exclusive parts accounting for more than two-thirds of the area and more than two-thirds of the owners participated in the voting, and owners with exclusive parts accounting for more than three-quarters of the area participated in the voting.

　　The Interim Measures for the Installation of Elevators in Existing Houses in Qingdao also stipulates that if the owners fail to reach an agreement after full friendly consultation, the owners whose exclusive parts account for more than two-thirds of the area of this unit (this building) and whose number accounts for more than two-thirds will participate in the voting, and the written consent will be signed by the owners who participate in the voting for more than three-quarters of the exclusive parts and who participate in the voting.

　　According to Yang Qinfa, because the installation of elevators is a major issue related to joint ownership and management, in accordance with the provisions of Article 278 of the Civil Code, the legal voting procedures should be agreed by the owners who participate in voting for more than three-quarters of the exclusive area and more than three-quarters of the voting people. "The above regulations can obviously solve the current situation that one person’s opposition can hinder the installation of elevators."

　　However, Yang Qinfa said that there are more detailed regulations on elevator installation in various places, and at present, most of them are based on their local regulations. Whether to adopt the "one-vote veto system" on the issue of installing elevators in old communities to solicit residents’ opinions is still controversial.

　　Work together to solve difficult problems.

　　Fully protect the convenience and benefit the people.

　　In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the installation of elevators in old communities. The reporter found out that the renovation of old residential areas in the "14 th Five-Year Plan" for housing in many places involved the installation of elevators. For example, the "14 th Five-Year Plan for Urban Housing Development in Jiangsu Province" puts forward that "the shortcomings of public services such as child care, old-age care, and housekeeping should be filled, and the greening transformation and the aging transformation of existing multi-storey houses with elevators and barrier-free facilities should be encouraged"; The Tenth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Urban Housing in Zhejiang Province puts forward measures such as accelerating the installation of elevators in residential buildings and vigorously improving the quality of living.

　　Yang Qinfa said that the installation of elevators in old residential areas involves different interests of residents in the community and requires a lot of coordination work; On the other hand, it involves complicated examination and approval procedures. For elevator installation enterprises, they are obviously more inclined to engage in elevator installation business in new houses with higher efficiency.

　　For the further improvement of installing elevators in old residential areas, Yang Qinfa proposed that policy design should be changed from rule-oriented to goal-oriented in the process of standardization. The service object of urban renewal is residents, so it is particularly important to establish a clear division of powers and responsibilities, standardized operating procedures, easy-to-understand policy system and renewal rules.

　　"Compared with regular policies, target-oriented policies tend to adopt the method of mobilizing governance in the specific implementation process, that is, pooling the main bodies and resources of the grassroots administrative system and community governance system as much as possible, which is conducive to promoting the efficient implementation of policies." Yang Qinfa suggested that in policy design, local governments can start from the following three aspects: to further improve the voting rules for installing elevators within the legal framework; Determine the compensation basis of relevant interests, and formulate quantitative compensation standards according to disputed matters, such as construction noise compensation; Accelerate the formulation of the code of conduct for elevator installation, and formulate relevant code of conduct or operation manual around the controversial common problems and technical problems that residents are generally concerned about in the process of elevator installation.

　　At the same time, he also noticed the problem of government responsibility boundary in the process of elevator installation. In the initial stage of urban renewal projects such as installing elevators, the government still needs to take the initiative to play its role, organize and coordinate various forces, and form a driving and demonstration. When the time is ripe, we will gradually withdraw and hand over the "right to speak" to residents, who will actively coordinate, declare and promote the project.

　　"For example, it is difficult for the owners to reach an agreement on the distribution of relevant interests through self-negotiation. The relief and compensation mechanism should be improved, such as clarifying that the examination and approval authorities include the administrative reconsideration organs of construction, planning, fire protection, housing management and other departments, and establishing a professional administrative mediation mechanism for the transformation of old communities. In addition, it is also necessary to combine local economic levels, transaction prices of second-hand houses and other factors, and formulate a unified bottom-up method for residents who benefit from the appreciation of elevator houses to compensate for the depreciation of elevator houses, and guide residents who benefit from installing elevators to compensate residents whose interests are damaged, which is in line with the principle of fairness and reduces the infringement on the legitimate rights and interests of damaged residents. " Yang Qinfa said.

　　In terms of funds, Xu Fei, a lawyer of Beijing Yinghe Law Firm, suggested that social capital should be fully introduced and a variety of funds should be used to solve the problem of financial difficulties in adding elevators. At the same time, the volume of a single elevator project will be expanded, and bidding will be conducted jointly to reduce the cost of adding a single elevator.

　　For the daily maintenance of elevators, Xu Fei believes that professional elevator maintenance units or property management companies should be introduced for custody to strengthen the daily management and maintenance of elevators.

　　Yang Qinfa also suggested that an interest coordination mechanism should be established in the process of co-governance. On the one hand, we can explore the implementation of the "divided household system" for members of community neighborhood committees, go deep into every household in the responsibility area, listen to and collect residents’ views and opinions on installing elevators, register them in categories, and reflect them to the government and enterprises for communication; On the other hand, under the leadership of the relevant authorities, the community can set up a discussion platform for renovation with the participation of neighborhood committees, construction units and residents’ self-governing organizations, so as to provide open, fair and just ways and opportunities for participants with different opinions to solve disputes.

　　"Installing an elevator is not a one-step process, and its process is complicated. In the stage of coordination of residents’ interests, project approval and publicity, elevator installation and acceptance and later operation and maintenance, in order to achieve different goals, multiple subjects need to cooperate with each other. " Yang Qinfa said.

Text | Wang Zhongyang lp

I will automatically pop up the relevant entry of "Michelle J" when I search for the relevant information of "Chef Fang with a Pot in the Flower Room". I will talk about this actor who plays the female host "Fang Yibiao" later.

Last week, when our editor-in-chief ordered me to talk about Ruan Lingyu, he told me by the way that Chef Fang could also be talked about in the choice space. This online drama was compared with others when I swore last year, which meant "Look at others, look at you, look at the big Lao Li next door". At that time, Chef Fang with a pot in the flower room was defined as "a seriously underestimated online drama". Considering that the Chinese New Year is coming soon, if you want to talk about fighting, killing or ghostly things, at least you have to wait until the end of the New Year.

I read the novel "Chef Fang" first and then watched the online drama. It was many years later. At that time, when it was released in 2012, I monitored the national box office screening one night. I had nothing to do in the morning, and found a post called "Chef Fang with a pot in the flower room". At that time, I thought I would stop watching it if it wasn’t scary. Who knows, I couldn’t stop watching it and watched it directly until dawn.

The novel is not long, the plot is coherent, and the character "Fang Yibao" is also three-dimensional. The image of a charming, lovely, intelligent and upright girl comes to my eyes through the story. At that time, the criticism and praise of the novel were half, some people said it was "Xiao Qingxin" and others said it was "Xiao Bai Wen".

I have a fair evaluation of it, not amazing, but I don’t hate it.

Five years later, when the online drama of the same name was launched, I was indifferent at first, which was similar to my first impression of The Ferry of the Soul:

Looking at no coffee and no flowers, you must be embarrassed to call mom.

In addition, I still have some "fears" before watching this drama, because when Kerui’s Strange Tales of the Urban Demon was changed into an online drama, my "original powder" was greatly hit after watching it, and I vowed never to watch or change the screenwriter again, especially the online drama.

But in the end, just like The Ferry of the Soul, I was very surprised by The Chef with a Pot in the Flower Room. This online drama is not adapted to the original. Except for adding two or three auxiliary characters, it is basically loyal to the original. The most important thing is that the portrayal of the female host "Fang Yibao" and the male host "Shen Yong" in it is also very consistent with my basic impression of the novel characters.

So this drama became a work in my favorites in the following years, and it was often compared with some masterpieces by some great directors and editors. The so-called-

Jianghu has a spoonful of female names,

The food adds fragrance and smiles.

The prodigal son will never change his gold,

I don’t like red makeup, I like braised pork.

one

First words: a spoonful of stories and a spoonful of wine

I’m not very good at talking about the content of TV series, because TV series is not like movies, and a story is divided into dozens of episodes, especially the content like series is often very scattered. Movies are different. The basic framework of 90 minutes is understandable, so people often pay more attention.

Later, I watched more TV dramas, and I had some immature ideas. I wonder if I can assume that if I am a normal person, then my perception ability is relatively normal when I accept a story. Will the content that makes me feel "scattered" not be because of my IQ, but because the writer and director have some "small problems", and the result seems to be "scattered"?

Of course, if it may offend people, then continue to assume that there is something wrong with my IQ.

It’s just that no matter whether it’s "The Ferry of Soul" or "The Chef with a Pot in the Flower Room", this kind of series won’t confuse my thinking. What they have in common is that "there are only a few characters, but the story has been refurbished", and they finally achieve sublimation by constantly breaking through the barriers like monsters.

For example, the appearance of "Fang Yibiao" is a very "ordinary" appearance. She was originally a female cook who traveled the rivers and lakes alone. She opened a wonton stall somewhere and met an old rich man who was fooled by a fortune teller. The old rich man didn’t want his daughter to marry the magistrate, Shenyang, who had a famous dissolute son "Shen Yong" in the city. It can not be said that everyone loved her, but also that God hated ghosts.

So he followed the fortune-teller’s advice and went to the street to look for a substitute. He bumped into Fang Yibao. When the girl saw his haggard face, she made him a bowl of wonton, but he was grateful and knocked him unconscious and stuffed him into a sedan chair … Thus, a story of irony and "liveliness" began.

Say "ironic" because the characters are really funny. Both Shen Yong and Fang Yibao are lovely people, such as "Shen Yong". The whole city says that he is an asshole. In fact, he is in a rebellious period and can’t get his father’s approval, so he changed his tricks. As a result, he met Fang Yibao, who can beat him with a rolling pin. This girl is not an ordinary shrew, and she is illiterate. However, her cultural quality is extremely low.

Not flashy, down-to-earth, know what is good and what is bad.

This is interesting. The ancients said that "the prodigal son will never change his money", and Chef Fang just let Fang spoonful use a rolling pin to show the audience "about how I trained my naughty husband who didn’t rely on four or six". Looking at these two little guys on the screen, you chase after me. There is no kissing scene and sex scene, but it just makes people feel natural and comfortable, much like the modality of boys and girls in the lush years.

It is said that "the color is lively and fragrant" because the author Ya Ya must be a foodie. In Chef Fang, she showed dozens of different cooking methods, which made people’s forefinger move when they read the words. In the play, through various dishes, it made my mouth water.

The best thing is that I have personally practiced the tricks taught to everyone by "Fang Yi Shao", such as how to use stinky tofu and pig’s head to sandwich sesame cakes, and how to put the bottom material in noodles, which is really delicious. In my opinion, this benefits me more than the story itself, and it is much more reliable than the "Twenty-four Bridges and Moonlit Night" by Mr. Jin Yong.

Of course, I don’t want to blow the whistle on "Chef with a Pot in the Flower Room", because it does have some shortcomings, such as the language of the characters is too modern, and the clothes are a little confusing. You can’t tell which dynasty these people lived in, although the story itself is an overhead history. But this is an unavoidable injury in this play.

There’s another problem—

After all, the Cinderella whose ending can’t be avoided is not a mortal, but a royal princess who once lived among the people. As for Shen Yong’s father, Shen Yibo, and the fortune teller mentioned at the beginning, they were also arranged to fall into the whirlpool of palace fighting, and the palace fighting also had no technical content.

However, the flaws do not hide Yu’s flaws. The Chef with a Pot in the Flower Room is not a "palace fight drama" in itself. It is a suspense drama of love and food in a costume drama. This kind of drama can let me take it out from time to time, not by how well-made and well-performed it is, but by "simplicity".

two

Repeat: Three Two Surprises, Three Two Springs

"Chef with a Pot in the Flower Room" gradually perfects their respective understanding of life, responsibility, love, affection and friendship through short stories that men and women have experienced passively or actively. Inspired by Fang Yibao, Shen Yong began to follow the magistrate’s father, Shen Yibo, and Shen Yibo gradually relied on his son from the beginning.

In the process, different people are met in each case, and the degree of good and evil is different, which is inseparable from the "one scoop" food offensive. Not blunt, not "big lady", and even can say that she is "silly and sweet" interpreted by "anti-big lady".

The online drama is faithful to the novel, and the style of the novel is quite "sweet". It just seems that I am not tired, I don’t need to think, I am completely relaxed, and I can continue to watch.

Speaking of which, I’m a little skeptical myself. I think I’ve always liked to watch something with a little depth. I talk about Chef Fang and praise it as a bit like Mozart’s hand-waving. But on second thought, I like it far more than some film and television dramas that are often worth over 100 million yuan, full of stars and of great significance to the times. Perhaps it’s because of its high purity. "Purity" means that it can let me find a kind of "sense of relaxation" and a beautiful yearning for interpersonal relationships and the essence of life.

It outlines a simple happiness through the tolerance and love of the Shenfu family for "Fang Yi Shao" from beginning to end, and the yearning of a bunch of official servants for "wealthy family" to cook every time. It is also the first time I feel:

It is more "a beautiful thing" to outline life and resolve contradictions with delicious food than "chicken soup is coming"

Incidentally, Michelle J, the actor who plays "Fang Yibiao", looks good in costume, which happens to be in my aesthetic sense. It’s perfect for this girl who looks "fleshy and MengMeng" to perform a relaxed and humorous play, but it’s a pity that she is said to have retired.

In this drama, all the leading actors and supporting actors, such as Lei Mu, Chang Cheng, Li Xiaohong, Fang Yao and Ben Hu, the adopted son of Shen Jie, are online. Unfortunately, no better works have been seen since then.

In fact, the investment and production scale of this drama is not large, and it won’t cost much in the later period. Some treasures can be found in it, including young singer Sun Zihan and his full set of theme songs and ending songs, such as Cooking Love, Memories So Hurt, Always Stupid, etc. At first glance, you can know that it is the "Lian Heng" between the music company and the production unit, but there is a saying that the content level of lyrics and composition is good.

It has been almost five years since the drama was launched in 2017. In the past five years, China’s online dramas have gradually matured, and even have the momentum of catching up with "orthodox" TV dramas. I didn’t care before. Later, when I was forced to write articles and look up information, I began to gradually correct my previous prejudice against this kind of online film and television drama.

　

I even began to have some doubts about the "traditional works" that I once thought were orthodox.

three

Last words: half a table is crazy and half a table is drunk.

Someone once commented that the theme of "Chef with a Pot in the Flower Room" is very grounded, so it is popular. I don’t quite agree with this statement. Because film and television dramas, as well as any other forms of artistic expression, should be grounded in itself.

What is "grounding gas"? According to the official language, it is "close to people’s lives, reflecting people’s stories, and showing the beauty of working people through artistic re-creation".

Of course, I’m not calling people names, I’m not a junior four …

Where have you been? Don’t get me wrong. I’m talking about the "little four" who bullied his teacher and destroyed his ancestors in Farewell My Concubine. He insisted on arguing with his master, "Why isn’t Peking Opera beautiful when it comes to the working people?"

I mean, there is no shame in making money, but you should have a clear understanding of your position. You can’t look down on the "working people" while making money. Art itself is to earn other people’s money. In the end, it seems to be a very elegant thing to feel that you are not "grounded", which is "when you stand up again", isn’t it?

In the past twenty years, my feeling is that "grounding gas" should be a subconscious move in the film and television industry. Professionals can certainly evaluate the lens, light and shadow, wide angle and performance of a film and television drama, and money makers can also use data, coffee spots, lineups, money piles and "Do you know how hard they (I intentionally) work?" As a gimmick for marketing and money. However, we must not really take these as the standard for creating works, let alone underestimate the IQ of the audience, nor ignore the needs of the audience.

No matter how famous people are, they should have a clear understanding in their hearts: you know best whether your work is sincere or false, and you know well whether others praise you from the heart or whether the scene is polite. Only sometimes, when some "masterpieces" come out, they are always crowned with various expectations, and only after they come out, they regret to find that "they look like Zhao Dan from a distance and look at Fui-On Shing from a distance".

Therefore, only by modestly lowering your posture and going deep into the audience and looking for what they like to see can you make your artistic creation level "evergreen" forever.

If nothing else, take "The Ferry of the Soul" as an example. tales of mystery, who first appeared in the world, is frank and pure; The same is true of Chef Fang. The main creator may think that the story itself is already very good, and it is too melodramatic to add his own ideas at random to express or criticize anything. Because it is very simple, besides letting you learn some cooking skills, it tells you how to get along with men and women, father and son and family with stories, and there are not so many Shakespeare-style lines and Bollywood-style mirrors.

In this way, Chef Fang is also "perfect". The perfection lies in that it has no sequel, no "third season" and no "thoughts". It is simply like "Chef Fang" himself:

I am just a little girl, and I have no great ambition.

The above can be regarded as a drunken remark by "Chef Fang".

?

Wen | Xianfeng Chuang (ID:xianfengk2vc), by Zhang Runtao

Core point of view:

1. 【 Macro Pattern 】The size of China’s automobile aftermarket is 1.2 trillion, which is about half that of the United States, but the number of auto parts manufacturers, auto parts distribution channels and maintenance service enterprises is twice that of the United States. On the whole, China’s automobile aftermarket is in the form of "ant market", and there are obvious opportunities for integration in all aspects.

At present, the core contradiction between supply and demand in the automobile aftermarket is not the inefficient matching of traffic, but the low efficiency of the supply chain of automobile parts and the low quality of maintenance services. Therefore, it is difficult for giants (Ali, Tencent, JD.COM, Baidu, Didi, Guazi, Manbang) who use traffic to bless the track to quickly end the war in a short time by means of user subsidies, and emerging startups can still break through with their own unique advantages.

2. [Opportunities and Methods]Driven by two forces on the demand side (a large number of cars leave the maintenance period+consumption upgrade) and three forces on the supply side (due to the mature productivity trained for OEM in Europe and America+excellent scale effect of China’s auto parts circulation channels+mature technical infrastructure of maintenance services), China’s automobile aftermarket will systematically spawn a variety of entrepreneurial-investment opportunities, and startup companies can learn from the 13 methods mentioned in this paper to create long-term value and become industry unicorns.

3. [Valuation System and Growth Timeline]Venture companies interested in contacting VC capital can aim at "becoming a unicorn of 1 billion dollars in 8 years" and benchmark the valuation system of listed companies in the US stock market, so as to push back their own business rhythm and team configuration.

When will unicorns come out of China automobile aftermarket? This is a topic that entrepreneurs and investors often discuss in the industrial upgrading track.

On the one hand, Auto Zone, Advance Auto Parts, O’Reilly and NAPA, the four major chains in the field of auto parts in the United States, stand at a market value of tens of billions of dollars, and there are unicorns with a market value of billions of dollars in the field of maintenance services, such as Monro Muffler Brake and Valvoline, but there is no listed giant in China that can compete with them in the same amount.

On the other hand, Internet giants such as BAT/ JD.COM/Didi have been exploring the post-steam for a long time, and star startups such as Kangzhong/Batulu/Kaisi have also been in the post-steam battlefield for many years. However, at present, the whole post-steam competition pattern in China is not clear, and new players are still eager to try with their own unique resources.

These two characteristics make new entrepreneurs and investors always reluctant to take their eyes off the automotive aftermarket in China.

This paper tries to analyze the present situation and future of China automobile aftermarket from the perspective of Top-Down — —

Part.1　　The Market Size and product-service categories of automobile aftermarket are presented in an overview;

Part.2　　This paper systematically analyzes the competitive pattern of automobile aftermarket from three aspects: macro supply system, core track players and giant layout.

Part.3　This paper introduces the macro trend that affects the automobile aftermarket, and gives 13 "tricks" to achieve the unicorn after automobile in the future;

Part.4　From the perspective of capital market, this paper shows the valuation system of post-automobile companies with examples, and discusses the method of reversing the growth timeline of enterprises based on this.

I hope this article can bring some reference value to entrepreneurs, industry professionals and friends who are concerned about the post-steam industry, and welcome friends who are interested in this topic to exchange and discuss.

I. Market Size

In 2018, the automobile aftermarket in China is about 1.2 trillion, including 780 billion auto parts (65%) and 420 billion maintenance services (35%).

Automobile aftermarket size = car ownership × average car consumption, divided into two core elements — —

1. Car ownership

In 2018, the number of cars in China was 240 million (including passenger cars and commercial vehicles), with a growth rate of 10.6% (the number of new cars in 2018 was 28.08 million, down 3% year-on-year). Although the number of new car transactions declined, the overall number of cars will continue to rise in the future.This data can also be confirmed from the car ownership of thousands of people — — As can be seen from the figure below, China’s car ownership of 1,000 people is not only far lower than that of developed countries such as the United States and Japan, but also lower than that of many developing countries, and there is still room for increasing car ownership in the future.　

The number of P.S. cars with 1,000 people depends on population density, economic level, public transportation level and other factors, so I won’t analyze them here. The above large numbers are only for reference.

2. Average car consumption amount

In 2018, the average car consumption of China Automobile for maintenance was about 5,000 yuan; This variable is positively related to the average age of cars. At present, the average age of cars in China is 5 years, and it will inevitably increase in the future.

Based on the two basic driving forces, namely, the increasing number of cars in China and the increasing age of cars, it is expected that the future automotive aftermarket will be in the growing trillion-dollar volume for a long time.

Second, product & service category

The final deliverables in the automotive aftermarket include [auto parts] and [maintenance services].

1. Auto parts

Auto parts refer to all the parts that make up a car; According to the maintenance or replacement cycle, auto parts are usually divided into two categories: [wearing parts] and [whole vehicle parts] — —

① Wearable parts

Wearable parts refer to accessories that must be repaired or replaced after a certain mileage or time. Typical categories of wearing parts include: engine oil, gearbox oil, brake oil, tires, engine oil filter, air filter, air conditioning filter, gasoline filter, spark plug, antifreeze, brake pads, brake discs, etc.

② Complete vehicle parts

　Whole vehicle parts refer to the parts that must be repaired or replaced after an accident. Typical whole vehicle parts include: engine, bumper, gearbox, oil cylinder and so on.

Due to the numerous manufacturers of various brands, and the characteristics of many cars, models and models under each brand, the number of SKUs of auto parts is huge — — At present, the average SKU of automobile spare parts is about 30,000, and the overall SKU of automobile spare parts is more than 50 million. This is a huge SKU volume for a single industry, but looking at the breakdown of wearing parts and whole car parts categories:Wearable parts are universal (for example, different models can share the same specification of engine oil), so the effect of collecting orders is obvious for players who are trading platforms, and they are relatively suitable for self-operation; The universality of the whole vehicle is weak, so the effect of collecting orders is not obvious for players who are trading platforms, and it is relatively suitable for third-party infrastructure (Marketplace, logistics, supply chain finance, etc.).

2. Maintenance service

Maintenance service refers to the human service of automobile parts maintenance or replacement and beauty care. Usually, the maintenance or replacement of beauty care and wearing parts is a high-frequency service item, and the maintenance or replacement of whole automobile parts is a low-frequency service item.

At present, the size of China’s automobile aftermarket is about 1/2 that of the United States (the car ownership of the two countries is similar, but the average age of the car in the United States is twice that of China+), but the number of auto parts manufacturers, auto parts distribution channels and maintenance service enterprises is twice that of the United States — —On the whole, the post-steam market in China is in a relatively scattered "ant market" form, and the quality and efficiency of products and services are uneven, so there are obvious opportunities for integration.

First, the macro supply system

Because there are two core factors in China: ① few car owners master maintenance technology and ② low labor cost, 95% of maintenance services are provided by 4S shops and repair shops, and only 5% of car owners will choose to repair their own cars; Therefore, [automotive aftermarket] has also formed two core circulation paths based on this:

A.4S shop system (accounting for 20%): auto parts manufacturer authorized by the main engine factory → Main engine factory after-sales department → 4S shop → Consumers;

B. Independent post-market system (accounting for 75%): &rarr, an auto parts manufacturer not authorized by the OEM; Agent → Dealer → Auto parts city retailer → Repair shop → Consumers.

The following describes the basic status quo of three types of supply roles: auto parts manufacturers, auto parts distribution channels and service terminals — —

1. Auto parts manufacturers

① Auto parts manufacturer authorized by the OEM (original parts)

This kind of auto parts manufacturers have formed a long-term and stable cooperative relationship with automobile brand manufacturers, such as Denso in Japan, Bosch in Aisin Germany and Mainland China, which produce auto parts according to the design requirements of automobile brand manufacturers, put on the Logo of automobile brand and sell them to automobile brand manufacturers, and then circulate them to 4S stores.

Such manufacturers represent the most advanced supply chain level of auto parts in terms of quality and efficiency, and because of the profit margin requirements of automobile brand manufacturers and 4S shop system, the brand premium of auto parts of such manufacturers is often very high when they are circulated to consumers.

② Auto parts manufacturers not authorized by the OEM.

This kind of auto parts manufacturers can be roughly divided into three categories — —

Class A (factory parts): Class A manufacturers are completely auto parts manufacturers authorized by the OEM, but they sell another part of their production capacity to the independent post-market (without the Logo of the automobile brand), but the supply chain system behind them is exactly the same. Because the premium of automobile brand is removed, the price of such accessories in the independent market is 20%~30% cheaper than that in the 4S shop system, so it is the best choice for consumers in the independent market.

Class B (sub-factory parts): evolved from the foundry of Class A manufacturer. In the process of OEM for international brands, Class B manufacturers have mastered the skilled supply chain technology (especially in the more general consumable parts category). In order to expand their own revenue and profits, they often choose to create their own brands and sell them to the circulation channels of the independent market system. The quality and efficiency of Class B manufacturers in many auto parts categories are almost the same as those of international brands, so it is the second best choice in the post-independence market system.

Class C (spare parts): a "self-reliant" manufacturer that has no direct relationship with the auto parts manufacturer authorized by the main engine factory. Relying on the research of auto parts in the market and close contact with Class B manufacturers, these manufacturers indirectly mastered the supply chain technology of auto parts, and based on this, they created their own brands and sold them to the circulation channels of the independent market system. Class C manufacturers are weaker than Class A in quality and efficiency, but they can still meet the needs of most parts in automobile aftermarket service.

2. Distribution channels of auto parts

① OEM after-sales department

The after-sales department of the main engine factory is also the after-sales department of automobile brand manufacturers, which purchases automobile parts from authorized manufacturers and sells them to 4S stores at a higher price. Because the 4S shop has the brand premium authorized by the automobile manufacturer, and the automobile manufacturer decides the supply of auto parts in the 4S shop by policy instructions, the main engine factory often sells it to the 4S shop with a higher gross profit (the gross profit is higher than that of the same quality parts).

② Market circulation channels after independence.

After independence, the circulation channel of the market is consistent with the general commodity circulation system, mainly including three core links: agency, distribution and retail. The upstream of the whole circulation channel is the auto parts manufacturer authorized by the non-OEM, and the downstream is the repair shop. Because the repair shop has almost no brand premium, and there are many distribution channels in the domestic market after independence, the agents, dealers and retailers here often have relatively low price increase rates — — The gross profit margin of the distribution channel of general wearing parts is 20%~30%, and the gross profit margin of the distribution channel of whole vehicle parts is 30%~45%.

Note that the two types of circulation channels are now "merging", which is manifested in:

A. 4S shop purchases auto parts from independent market circulation channels.

The core reason is that the newly implemented "Measures for the Administration of Automobile Sales" in July 2017 allows some non-original parts to enter the 4S shop system, which enables agents, dealers and retailers who originally operated in the independent post-market system to serve as additional parts channels for 4S shops.

B the repair shop purchases auto parts from the 4S shop and the after-sales department of the main engine factory.

The core reason is that the operating performance of 4S stores has generally declined in recent years, and the liquidity of auto parts originally circulated in the 4S store system has declined, resulting in more inventory. In order to digest these inventories, 4S stores and the after-sales department of the main engine factory will sell them to repair shops.

3. Service terminal

① 4S shop

4S shop was first introduced to China by Guangzhou Honda in 1998, and now it has become the most important system in China’s new car circulation network. The two most important functions of 4S stores are: first, new car sales, and second, after-market service (mainly to undertake the maintenance service demand within the three-year maintenance period or a certain mileage maintenance period). According to the profit structure, about 20% of China 4S stores’ profits come from new car sales, and the remaining 80% comes from after-market service, which is equivalent to the profit structure of American car dealers.

② Repair shop

Different from the 4S shop, the repair shop will undertake the maintenance services of many brands of cars, and the repair price of the repair shop is relatively low due to competitive factors and weak brand premium (including auto parts and maintenance services are cheaper than those of the 4S shop).

China’s Ministry of Communications conducts certification examination for repair technicians in repair shops every year, but there is no strict high-standard system for qualification examination as a whole, so the overall service level of repair shops in China is still uneven (the service level < mean > can meet most of the automobile maintenance needs, but the variance < variance > fluctuates greatly).

It is worth noting that 4S stores and repair shops are excellent channels for selling automobile insurance because they have excellent customer resources, so many insurance companies will have a binding relationship with 4S stores and repair shops (M×N multiple binding relationship) and cross-sell each other’s products and services &mdash; &mdash; 4S shops and repair shops recommend car owners to buy a company’s insurance, and an insurance company will recommend car owners to the corresponding 4S shops or repair shops for maintenance. In essence, both parties can reduce the cost of obtaining customers by reusing sales personnel with each other.

Second, a list of core players in each segment of the track

The core players in the automotive aftermarket include &mdash; &mdash;

1. Auto parts

① Brand manufacturers

Representative manufacturers include: Bosch, Denso Japan, Magna International, Continental Group, ZF, Aisin Seiki, Hyundai Mobius, Lear, Valeo, Faurecia, Andoto, Yazaki, Panasonic Automotive Systems, Sumitomo Electric, Mahler, Yanfeng, Toyota Textile, Jettaggart, ThyssenKrupp, BASF, Fuyao Glass, Weifang.

Because of the high initial investment cost and fierce competition of brand manufacturers, there are no star startups within the range of VC.

② Circulation channels

A. Main wearing parts: three heads and six arms, Kangzhong Auto Parts, Haomeite, and Kuaizhun Automobile.

Due to the high consumption frequency of wearing parts and strong SKU reuse among different car series, almost all wearing parts channel players cut into the supply chain in the self-operated B2B mode, and the upstream purchases from brand manufacturers and the downstream sells them to repair shops. At the same time, they operate their own logistics system and focus on the delivery of the last 1km.

In the retail store opening mode, Kangzhong Auto Parts mainly adopts the direct operation mode, and the three-headed, six-armed, good-beautiful and fast-accurate auto clothes mainly adopt the joining mode, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages &mdash; &mdash; The service quality control of direct marketing mode is relatively standardized, but the disadvantage lies in the slow speed of opening stores and the long-term accumulation to show the scale effect of supply chain; The service quality control of the joining mode is not standard, and it is usually easy to receive customer complaints, but the advantage is that it can borrow private capital to start quickly and show the scale effect of the supply chain in a short time.

B. Main auto parts: Batulu, Kaisi, Chetongyun, Zhongchi Chefu and Haohao Auto Parts.

The whole vehicle parts are completely different from the wearing parts, and their extremely low frequency, numerous SKUs and non-reusable SKUs between different vehicles make all vehicle parts channel players use the inquiry and quotation system (including "Vin code &rarr; Auto parts SKU "database)+third-party trading platform (that is, Marketplace) mode cuts into the supply chain, and the upstream docking agents/dealers/retailers, downstream docking repair shops or 4S shops (some players indirectly obtain customer repair shops or 4S shops through cooperation with insurance companies), and there are both self-operated and third-party modes in logistics.

Since the inventory of the whole vehicle parts in the market circulation channel is often unstable after independence, in order to ensure the supply adequacy of the whole vehicle parts SKU and the timeliness of logistics delivery, all kinds of players in the whole vehicle parts channel have also begun to try to "control the goods" on the basis of the Marketplace model &mdash; &mdash; For example, Batulu’s self-built multi-level warehouse requires suppliers to put the goods in Batulu’s self-operated warehouse and requires warehouse goods to only receive deployment instructions from the platform.

C. All-category management: harmony with steam, rapid development and saving.

All-category channel players are essentially a combined version of two types of channel player modes, namely, wearing parts and whole vehicle parts, such as Heqi &mdash; &mdash; The business model of its wearing parts category is similar to Kangzhong, and the business model of its whole car parts category is similar to Batulu and Chetongyun.

The distribution channel of auto parts is a battleground for China auto aftermarket, essentially because this track has excellent scale effect, and the current situation of China auto parts field with scattered upstream and downstream and high gross profit margin in circulation is just an excellent soil to make use of scale effect &mdash; &mdash; The scale effect in the distribution channel of auto parts can make the enterprise reduce the purchasing cost, warehousing and logistics cost while the sales volume is increasing, and then the gross profit margin is increasing.

Take Auto Zone (American stock code: AZO), one of the four major auto parts chains in the United States, as an example. The changes of its sales and gross profit margin from fiscal year 1990 to fiscal year 2018 are shown in the following figure. It can be seen that in the time span of nearly 30 years, the sales of Auto Zone soared from US$ 670 million to US$ 11.22 billion, and its gross profit margin also increased from 38.1% to 53.2% (while the stock price rose more than 40 times). In essence, it is because the OEM brand and upstream centralized purchasing have brought about a sharp decline in procurement costs, and the logistics and warehousing costs under the DC (Distribution Center)-Hub-Store system are also declining.

2. Maintenance service

Representative companies include: Tuhu Car Maintenance, Auto Superman, Xiaoju Car Service, Diandian Car Maintenance, Master De, Chexiangjia, cluster car treasure, Changtu Automobile, Youyishou, New Focus (A-share listed company) and Xiaomuzhi (New Third Board listed company).

The basic mode of maintenance service players can be summarized as "upgraded repair shop", which provides car owners with beauty care, auto parts replacement or maintenance services, and sells third-party or OEM auto parts at the same time..Tuhu Car Maintenance is a typical example. At the beginning, it cut into the market with the tire category of wearing parts, providing online trading and offline installation services for car owners, and gradually became the first channel brand and maintenance service brand in the tire category. At present, Tuhu Car Maintenance has gradually expanded its own auto parts business (expanding engine oil, filters and other categories) and maintenance service business (expanding automobile beauty care, wearing parts maintenance and replacement, auto insurance sales and other services).

There are also various companies with unique entry points in the automobile aftermarket, such as Youchelian, Yunka and Zhengda Fortis, which cut into the maintenance of commercial vehicles, and Vin code &rarr; Mingjue Technology, which is cut into the database of automobile parts SKU, is cut into the automobile parts agent and forms a strategic cooperation with Manbang, and is cut into the music match &hellip; Due to the limitation of space, I won’t describe them here, but it can be seen that the current pattern of China’s automobile aftermarket is uncertain and the innovation vitality is still very abundant.

Third, the layout of giants

In recent years, giants in the fields of Internet, offline retail, used cars, logistics, insurance, automobile OEM, etc. have been frequently deployed in the automobile aftermarket (as shown in the following figure) &mdash; &mdash; Take Ali as an example. After trying the "car terminal" business in 2016, in 2018, Tmall once again established the "Xinkangzhong" alliance with Auto Superman and Kangzhong Auto Parts. Behind these three giants, they respectively represent the traffic of car owners, maintenance services and the huge potential of auto parts supply chain.

From the above table, we can feel that after the giants inject ① owner flow, ② warehousing & logistics capability, ③ financial capability (insurance & payment & credit) and ④ original auto parts supply chain and service capability into the automotive aftermarket, it is not only a blessing to this track, but also a challenge to the existing players in the track.

However, it should be noted that the core contradiction between supply and demand in China automotive aftermarket is not the inefficient matching of flow, but the low efficiency of auto parts supply chain and the low quality of maintenance service &mdash; &mdash; Therefore, for the giants who use traffic to bless the track (Ali, Tencent, JD.COM, Baidu, Didi, Guazi and Manbang), it is difficult to quickly end the war in the automobile aftermarket by using user subsidies in a short time. A new automobile aftermarket system with wide customers, good quality and high efficiency needs to be watered patiently.

First, the macro trend

The future development of China’s automotive aftermarket will be driven by the following five important forces &mdash; &mdash;

1. Demand side

① China’s automobile aftermarket will be in a growing trillion-dollar volume for a long time, and as more and more cars leave the 4S shop maintenance period, more and more car owners will choose the independent aftermarket in the future;

(2) The increasing GDP per capita in China and the increasing professionalism of citizens in automobile knowledge will create the demand for high-quality chain service organizations, high-quality chain auto parts channels and domestic brands of high-quality auto parts;

2. Supply side

(1) Thanks to the long-term experience of OEM for European and American international brands, the supply chain system of China auto parts manufacturers is very mature, and they can provide auto parts with almost the same quality and higher cost performance as European and American international brands in quite a few categories, so it is possible to produce high-quality domestic brands of auto parts;

② The distribution channels of auto parts in China’s post-independence market system are currently in a large and scattered pattern, and the market share of Top-3 channel players is less than 1%; However, the auto parts track has the characteristics of positive scale effect, and several big head companies will be produced in the future.

With reference to the auto parts market in the United States, the overall market share of the four auto parts chains, Auto Zone, Advance Auto Parts, O’Reilly and NAPA, is more than 30% and is still rising. Due to the consistency of the supply chain attributes of auto parts, China auto parts channel companies will accelerate the appearance of scale effect when the infrastructure such as Internet, AI and logistics are mature.

(3) The development of automobile control unit networking, AR, Internet and other technologies will help repair shops greatly improve service quality and reduce service costs.

Second, 13 ways to upgrade the post-steam industry

Any industry, its direction of creating value mainly includes three kinds:

(1) better quality:That is, the products and services provided by the industry make consumers experience better;

② Higher efficiency:That is, the industry consumes less resources to deliver each unit of products and services, among which the core resources are money (cost) and time &mdash; &mdash; In the steady state (that is, in the state of non-burning money), the lower pricing limit of products and services provided by the industry to consumers is determined by the consumed cost, and the lower convenience limit is determined by the consumed time;

(3) get more customers:That is, the products and services provided by the industry can reach more consumers.

P.S. The value creation direction of an industry is also the lifelong struggle direction of all enterprises in the industry &mdash; &mdash; Whether the enterprise is in the production link, distribution link or the final retail service link.

Based on the five macro forces on the demand side and supply side of China automobile aftermarket, Combined with the players after China automobile, the four major auto parts chains in the United States (Auto Zone, Advance Auto Parts, O’Reilly, NAPA)& maintenance service unicorn (Monro Muffler Brake, Valvoline), the world retail giants (WalMart, Costco, 7-11), (4) observation of companies such as Amazon Web Service (WeWork) and venture capital enterprise (looking for steel net and intelligent cloth interconnection) focuses on the three value creation directions of "getting more customers, better quality and higher efficiency".

The author thinks that players in auto parts and maintenance service tracks can use the following 13 methods to build long-term value and become unicorns in the automotive aftermarket &mdash; &mdash;The company’s value and growth rate depend on the diversity of the following 13 methods and the speed of promotion. The more methods used and the faster the promotion, the greater the company’s value and the faster the growth rate..

1. Auto parts

① Business flow

< the first move > set list:　

Intensive expansion of the service area of circulation channels through direct marketing/joining/merger/joint venture (joint venture through Marketplace mode) and other ways, so as to intensively expand the order volume, and then reduce the purchase cost and enhance the quality control ability through the way of < centralized collection and unified procurement > or < self-operated OEM brand >;

< 2nd move > membership system:

Establish a membership system to reduce the circulation uncertainty of the whole supply chain by locking the purchase behavior of auto parts of car owners or repair shops in advance, and then reduce the inventory backlog cost and labor cost under no operation state caused by circulation uncertainty;

< 3rd move > "Vin code &rarr; Auto parts SKU "database:

Establish a database of mapping relationship between vehicle Vin code and auto parts SKU, and support 4S shops/repair shops, distribution channels and brand manufacturers to interact in various ways, such as text/picture/voice, which greatly reduces communication costs;

② Logistics

< 4 > logistics infrastructure:

Establish central warehouse, city warehouse, pre-warehouse (store) system and logistics billing algorithm to greatly reduce logistics costs in the case of intensive orders (depending on the use progress of various methods in business flow);

③ Production

< 5th move > hardware upgrade:

Under the basic conditions of highly mature auto parts supply chain in China, < introduce advanced hardware equipment of world top brands > or < self-developed hardware equipment >, thus reducing the production cost of the factory and improving the delivery quality of the factory;

< No.6 > Software upgrade:

Open ERP system with downstream channels and upstream raw material suppliers, and do capacity optimization based on data (sales order information/raw material supply information/factory capacity information) and AI algorithm;

④ Finance

< No.7 > vertical supply chain finance:

Due to the inconsistency between upstream and downstream accounting periods in the auto parts industry chain, data-driven supply chain financial services can be provided for brand manufacturers, distribution channels, repair shops /4S stores (refer to steel B2B e-commerce players looking for steel nets);

⑤ Internal operation of enterprises

< trick 8 > SaaS:

For factories, distribution channels, repair shops /4S stores, develop professional SaaS systems suitable for auto parts industry, so as to improve the operating efficiency of each unit of the industrial chain (including invoicing, ERM, IM, manpower, finance, etc.).

2. Maintenance service

① Business flow

< trick 9 > bind the insurance company:

Deep binding with insurance companies through cooperation agreements/cross-shareholding, etc., the two sides share customer resources with each other and jointly reduce the cost of obtaining customers;

< 10th trick > membership system:

Establish 2C membership system, reduce the uncertainty of service demand forecast by locking the maintenance consumption behavior of car owners in advance, and then reduce the inventory backlog cost and labor cost under the condition of no operation caused by the uncertainty of demand forecast;

② service

< 11th move > Senior technicians share the platform:

Because experienced technicians in a region are scarce resources, and the cost of hiring such senior technicians in a single repair shop is too high (the frequency of difficult problems encountered by a single repair shop is relatively small), the shared platform for senior technicians can minimize the labor cost of repair shops and increase the personal income of senior technicians at the same time;

< 12th move > Maintenance experience sharing platform:

China’s Ministry of Communications conducts certification examination for maintenance technicians in repair shops every year, but there is no strict high-standard system for qualification examination as a whole, so most technicians still need to improve their maintenance level through "personal experience" and "indirect reading of master’s work notes".

Therefore, establishing a maintenance experience sharing platform to support technicians to find corresponding solutions through text/picture/voice when encountering problems can greatly improve the maintenance quality and reduce the maintenance cost (reducing the cost of returning goods and training due to misjudgment, etc.);

< 13th move > Remote maintenance and diagnosis platform based on networked sensors;

At present, all the control units (such as engine and gearbox) in the car have been digitized and networked, and automobile brand manufacturers have established a perfect data diagnosis and maintenance guide system based on this. In the past, this system was only open to 4S shops, but now it has been gradually introduced into the independent market.

Therefore, based on this technology, a remote maintenance and diagnosis platform can be established, which can automatically give early warning signals in the process of automobile driving and then guide the owner to adjust his driving habits or carry out lightweight maintenance. After an automobile accident, the platform can automatically send orders to the best repair shop nearby and support experienced technicians and experts to interact with ordinary technicians in the first-line repair shop in real time through AR equipment, thus greatly improving the maintenance quality of the repair shop and reducing the maintenance cost (reducing the labor cost of senior technicians).

It should be noted that &mdash; &mdash;

① There is no fixed application order for these 13 methods.For example, a company can first be an OEM brand foundry, and then use the advantages of supply chain to intensively open auto parts chain stores; You can also start a chain store of auto parts intensively first, and then make an OEM brand after you have a scale advantage.

② These 13 methods can be completely used by one company, and can also be jointly used by more than one downstream cooperative relationship or joint venture of several enterprises.For example, logistics infrastructure, an auto parts distributor can build its own logistics infrastructure, use the logistics infrastructure provided by a third party, or build its own logistics infrastructure for some businesses and use a third party for some businesses.

③　The value of the company and the speed of its growth depend on the diversity of the company’s use of 13 methods and the speed of promotion.But it doesn’t mean that companies need to use various methods at the same time in the initial stage. It is suggested that start-ups focus on one thing in the early stage to achieve the ultimate. The so-called "it is better to break one finger than to hurt its ten fingers".

How to choose a company needs to carefully consider its own business resources, team resources and market competition environment in specific regions.

Due to the limited space, this paper only presents the valuation status of "auto parts circulation channel", and the valuation system of auto parts manufacturers and maintenance services can be used as a similar reference.

The following table shows the core business data and valuation data of the four major auto parts chain companies in the United States &mdash; &mdash; Since the main business of Genuine Parts Company includes NAPA, industrial products and office supplies, it is not easy to separate them, so Auto Zone, Advance Auto Parts and O’Reilly are the best three valuation benchmarking companies for auto parts circulation track.

According to the calculation of 2 times P/S, if the market share of an auto parts channel company in China exceeds 1%, the company can become a unicorn with a value of 2.2 billion US dollars (780 billion RMB ×1%×2×1 US dollars /7.07 RMB = 2.2 billion US dollars); If an auto parts channel company is worth US$ 1 billion, its annual revenue only needs to reach RMB 3.5 billion (US$ 1 billion /2×7.07 RMB/US$ 1) and its market share is 4.5&permil; (3.5 billion RMB/750 billion RMB).

For auto parts distribution channel start-ups who are interested in cooperating with VC,We can consider taking [becoming a unicorn with a billion dollars in eight years] as the goal, so as to reverse the annual opening plan and store revenue growth plan in the first to eighth years, and accordingly design what kind of commodity procurement system, warehousing and logistics system and store operation system should be built to achieve this [final goal], and then design what kind of team needs to be formed in order to realize this system.&mdash; &mdash; Although the plan can’t keep up with the changes, and there are many uncertainties in the future business progress, in most cases, "if you plan ahead, you will be abolished."

P.S. The valuation calculation here is only used as a reference for large numbers. In fact, the valuation should be comprehensively considered in combination with the specific fundamental status quo, revenue/gross profit/net profit growth rate and competition links of the enterprise at that time.

　The above is the analysis of the present situation and future of China automobile aftermarket according to the top-down method &mdash; &mdash; After 10 years, there will be many unicorns in the aftermarket. I look forward to your contribution here!

[Author of Titanium Media: This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account "Xianfeng Chuangchuang" (ID:xianfengk2vc) by Zhang Runtao. 】

Blessed are Chengdu people! In the future, photos of ID cards can be taken with beautiful "selfies"! On September 11th, 136 "one-stop service accreditation points" in Chengdu were officially put into operation. In the future, 31 service items in five categories, such as ID card and household registration, can be handled without going to the government affairs center and directly going to the 136 newly added "one-stop service accreditation points" in Chengdu. What’s more comfortable is that there are "selfie artifacts" at these registration points, and photos of ID cards, entry and exit documents and driver’s licenses can be taken by themselves until they are satisfied!

Self-help shooting

Self-portrait ID photo taken until satisfactory.

But there is no beauty function.

According to a website survey, 80% of the respondents are not satisfied with their ID cards. In the future, Chengdu people will no longer have to worry about their ugly ID photos!

Tianfu Morning Post reporter found this "self-service camera" in the "one-stop service accreditation point", and a black curtain was intimately hung outside the machine, so that you can play freely in a closed environment. In the camera, there are still some things to be aware of, such as "Please wear clothes with collars and don’t wear heavy makeup". The public can take photos of relevant documents by themselves after reading.

Before shooting, you can confirm your identity by swiping the second-generation ID card or manually entering the ID number. After entering the photo page, you can pose correctly according to the prompts. The self-service camera also has an adjustment button, which can be adjusted up or down. After posing, you can click the photo button. Of course, if you are not satisfied with the shooting, click to shoot again, and if you are satisfied, click to take photos.

As long as you are not afraid of being urged by the little friends waiting in line behind, the photo can be taken to your satisfaction. However, it needs special reminder that the camera does not have a beauty function.

How to choose a site

Five urban areas achieve "full coverage"

24 points of new urban construction in suburbs

It is understood that Chengdu has added 128 new ones on the basis of eight built at the beginning of this year, and completed the construction of 136 "one-stop service accreditation points" in an all-round way. After two months of trial operation, inspection and acceptance, it officially started operation on September 11th, exceeding the annual target and task three months ahead of schedule.

So far, Chengdu Public Security has established a new service system of Chengdu Public Security Window, which is based on the public security accreditation center, supplemented by "one-stop service accreditation point", supplemented by mobile service, and "Chengdu Public Security Micro-household administration" as the carrier, combining "point-to-face" with "static" and "virtual entity" with "online and offline", further solving the "last mile" problem of serving the masses.

This time, the Chengdu Public Security Bureau fully considered the regional population distribution, the radiation effect of the station and the size of the office space of the police station, rationally selected the location, and implemented three kinds of location construction modes. A total of 136 "Chengdu Public Security One-stop Service Registration Points" were officially built in 110 police stations, 25 community convenience service centers and 1 community police office in the city, exceeding the construction task of 120 points established by the municipal party committee and municipal government.

Among them, 112 "11+2" central city, high-tech zone and Tianfu New District have been built, accounting for 82.35%, and 24 suburban new towns have been built, accounting for 17.65%, mainly in areas with large population and large land and strong radiation effect. Jinjiang, Qingyang, Jinniu, Wuhou and Chenghua point settings achieve "full coverage"; Wenjiang, Shuangliu, Qionglai, Pengzhou and Dayi were guided by the needs of the masses, and after extensively soliciting opinions and suggestions, 16 accreditation points were added.

service content

Can handle 31 service items in 5 categories.

12 certificates of household administration issued 14 certificates.

In terms of construction standards, it is implemented in accordance with the relevant standards for standardized construction of police stations; In terms of staffing, a basic staffing model of "1+1+ N" was initially formed, namely, one full-time police officer, one part-time police officer and n police assistants. In terms of standardized management, the standardized service management mode of public security accreditation center is introduced, and information support, quality supervision and business guidance are established.

136 "one-stop service accreditation points" can handle 31 service items in 5 categories. Among them, there are 12 household affairs, 1 traffic police, 3 entry and exit, 1 public security and 14 certificates. By June 30, the construction tasks of 136 accreditation points had been basically completed; At the beginning of July, the Household Administration Bureau took the lead in organizing a two-month trial operation, and inspected and accepted the trial operation at the end of August.

During the trial operation, the city received a total of 170,000 people (times), and handled 112,000 household affairs, entry and exit, public security, vehicle control and certification materials. Among them, there are 88,000 households, accounting for 78.36%; 07,000 entries and exits, accounting for 6.25%; 127 cases of public security, accounting for 0.11%; 778 car drivers, accounting for 0.69%; There are 16,000 proofs, accounting for 14.59%.

One-stop service, service matters at the registration office

★★★ Household administration business

Urban household registration transfer, non-main item change (correction), cancellation of dead person’s household registration, replacement of household registration book, and arrival of newborn baby.

National identity cards are handled in different places.

The name and surname of the people have been changed (corrected).

Change of citizen’s ID number, gender and date of birth (correction).

Application, renewal and replacement of identity cards of registered residents within the jurisdiction of the police station; Redemption and replacement of resident ID cards across districts (cities) in the city.

Apply for and endorse residence permit.

★★★ Entry and exit business

For the first time, registered residents in this city apply for ordinary passports, travel passes to and from Hong Kong and Macao and travel endorsements (excluding the second endorsement), travel passes to and from Taiwan and travel endorsements (excluding the second endorsement).

★★★ Driving management business

Vehicle owner and driver window user registration. Open the internet to handle business authority, and guide the masses to handle car management business online or dial 11185 to handle car management and other business.

★★★ Public security business

Dog registration certificate, dog identification card.

★★★ Certificate issued

1. Certificate of correction for the change of household registration items: Certificate of Change.

2. Certificate of cancellation of household registration: Certificate of Death Cancellation, Certificate of Cancellation of Household Registration for Military Service in the Army, Certificate of Cancellation of Residence Abroad, Certificate of Cancellation of Household Registration for Sentenced Punishment, Certificate of Re-entry/Mistaken Registration of Household Registration.

3. Proof of kinship: Proof of Kinship.

4. Identity certificate of abducted children: Identity certificate of abducted children.

5. Certificate of reporting abandoned baby (child): Report Certificate of Reporting Abandoned Baby (child).

6. Abnormal Death Certificate: Abnormal Death Certificate.

7. Temporary identity certificate: Temporary Identity Certificate.

8. Certificate of No Criminal Record: Certificate of No Criminal Record.

9. Other certificates: Certificate of Residence Registration and Certificate of Change of Door (Building) Number.

Special reminder

Most businesses cannot be handled across regions.

It is worth noting that the "Chengdu Public Security One-stop Service Accreditation Point" mainly serves citizens in all major districts of Chengdu, and most of the citizens’ businesses cannot be handled across regions. For example, citizens in Jinjiang District are handled at the accreditation point in this district. At the same time, for the second-generation ID card that citizens are more concerned about, except that the first application for ID card needs to be handled at the police station where the household registration is located, the subsequent application for replacement of ID card can be realized at the registration office in this district. Friends from other places, as long as they have a residence permit in Chengdu, can enjoy equal treatment according to the management measures of residence permit of Chengdu Public Security Bureau. The processing of off-site ID cards is also being piloted, and it can be completed at some processing points.

"We will further strengthen the management and improvement of one-stop accreditation points. Strive to create a good environment, provide warm services, and regulate their own law enforcement behavior. " Yang Hongwu, political instructor of Chengdu Public Security Household Administration Bureau, said. He mentioned that citizens can make an appointment to handle business through Chengdu Public Security Micro-Household Administration, which provides a more convenient way for citizens. Regarding the addresses and telephone numbers of 136 "Chengdu Public Security One-stop Service Accreditation Points" in the city, the website will also be launched in the near future.

(The original title is "Doing an ID card in Chengdu, photos can be" selfie ".Go to 136" one-stop service registration points "to find selfie artifacts, and you can take photos until you are satisfied")

State and municipal people’s governments, provincial committees, offices, departments and bureaus:

"Key Points of Deepening the Reform of streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services in Yunnan Province in 2022" has been agreed by the provincial people’s government and is hereby issued to you, please implement it carefully.

General Office of Yunnan Provincial People’s Government

March 19, 2022

(This piece is publicly released)

Key Points of Deepening the Reform of "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" in Yunnan Province in 2022

In 2022, the overall requirements for deepening the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform in the whole province are: adhering to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, fully implementing the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on deepening the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform and the work requirements of the provincial party committee and government, adhering to the people-centered development thought, taking better, faster and more convenient business and entrepreneurship as the guide, further intensifying the transformation of government functions and the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform, optimizing the business environment, and helping Yunnan to achieve high quality.

First, deepen decentralization, relax market access and stimulate market vitality.

(a) the full implementation of administrative licensing list management. By the end of 2022, the list of administrative licensing items at the provincial, city and county levels will be published at different levels, and the linkage adjustment mechanism between the basic catalogue of government service items and the list of powers and responsibilities will be explored, so that the government can clearly expose its power and the business people can understand things. Continue to promote the empowerment of key areas.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(2) Deepening the reform of the investment examination and approval system. Revise the Implementation Measures for Approval and Filing of Investment Projects of Enterprises in Yunnan Province, adjust and improve the List of Approval Items of Investment Projects in Yunnan Province, and simplify the approval process of specific government investment projects. Implement the reform of enterprise investment project commitment system. Relying on the province’s integrated government service platform, we will promote the interconnection and data sharing between the online approval and supervision platform for investment projects and relevant approval systems.(Provincial Development and Reform Commission takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(3) Deepening the reform of the commercial system. We will promote the reform of separate registration of market entities’ residences and business premises. Carry out the "enterprise residence commitment system" and improve the "independent declaration of enterprise name" mechanism. Carry out the pilot reform of the registration and confirmation system for commercial subjects in China (Yunnan) Pilot Free Trade Zone.(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(four) continue to deepen the reform of the examination and approval system for engineering construction projects. Accelerate the data sharing and interconnection of relevant information platforms, and improve the cross-departmental and cross-level parallel approval rate. In 2022, the approval time for general government investment projects will be reduced to less than 50 working days.(led by the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Provincial Development and Reform Commission and the Provincial Department of Natural Resources; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(5) Consolidate and deepen the reform of examination and approval of planned land. Deepen the reform of "multi-examination and multi-certification integration" of planned land based on "multi-regulation integration", accelerate the "multi-measurement integration", and gradually establish and improve the surveying and mapping business coordination and data update sharing mechanism required for "multi-regulation integration" to realize "one-time entrustment, joint surveying and mapping and achievement sharing" in all stages of engineering construction projects. Formulate the relevant policies and corresponding index system for the transfer of "standard land" for new industrial projects in Yunnan Province.(led by the Provincial Department of Natural Resources; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(six) to promote the full coverage of the "separation of licenses" reform. Classified and hierarchical management shall be implemented for business licensing matters involving enterprises, and a list management system shall be established. Actively promote the pilot reform of "one industry and one license", "one enterprise and one license", "license joint office" and "one photo and multiple addresses".(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(seven) the full implementation of certification list management. We will further promote the action of "reducing certificates and facilitating people", formulate and publish a list of certification items in Yunnan Province, and dynamically adjust the list of certification items in the notification commitment system.(led by the Provincial Department of Justice; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(8) Strictly implement the negative list system for market access. Continue to carry out market access effectiveness evaluation (Yunnan pilot), implement the system of collecting and reporting cases that violate the negative list of market access, unblock the channels for market participants to feedback various market access issues, and create a fairer and smoother market access environment.(Provincial Development and Reform Commission takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

Two, improve the supervision mode, standardize the market order, improve the efficiency of supervision.

(nine) to promote the normalization of "double random and open" supervision. Incorporate double random spot checks into the province’s post-event supervision plan in 2022, expand the coverage of joint "double random and one open" supervision by departments, and include more matters into the scope of joint spot checks. Improve and perfect the "double random and open" supervision work platform, gather the supervision data of relevant departments, and scientifically carry out daily supervision.(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(10) Strengthen supervision in key areas. Strict supervision of food, medicines, vaccines, environmental protection, safe production and other fields directly related to public safety and people’s lives and health is carried out with the whole subject, all varieties and the whole chain.(led by the Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, the Provincial Department of Ecology and Environment, the Provincial Health and Wellness Commission and the Provincial Emergency Department; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(eleven) to further promote the construction of social credit system. Deepen the construction of credit supervision, credit commitment and credit application, and accelerate the supervision of credit classification and classification. Improve and perfect the work system of information collection and sharing related to enterprises, and enhance the sharing and application ability of credit information data. Accelerate the "Trust-Easy+"trustworthiness incentive work, and promote the development of credit services at different levels and in different fields. Improve the credit repair mechanism, strengthen the sharing of credit repair information and mutual recognition of results.(Provincial Development and Reform Commission takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(12) Innovative, inclusive and prudent supervision. Explore innovative regulatory standards and models, and give play to the role of platform supervision and industry self-discipline. Explore the implementation of flexible supervision and smart supervision in some areas, promote the implementation of the list of minor violations of the law and establish a list of non-administrative compulsory measures.(led by the Provincial Department of Justice; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(thirteen) standardize the administrative law enforcement behavior. Organize and carry out law enforcement inspection on the implementation of the Administrative Punishment Law. Strictly implement the three systems of administrative law enforcement and continue to carry out file evaluation. Strengthen the supervision of law enforcement departments such as market supervision and urban management, and further standardize administrative law enforcement behavior.(led by the Provincial Department of Justice; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(fourteen) in-depth implementation of the fair competition review system. Conscientiously implement the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Fair Competition Review System, strictly implement policies and measures for fair competition review, improve the quality of review, and continuously clean up and abolish regulations and practices that hinder unified market and fair competition.(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(fifteen) to strengthen anti-monopoly and anti unfair competition law enforcement. Seriously investigate and deal with the abuse of administrative power to exclude and restrict competition, as well as the abuse of market dominance by operators and the conclusion of monopoly agreements to restrict competition, and intensify the investigation and punishment of illegal acts of unfair competition.(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

Third, optimize government services, help enterprises develop, and facilitate the masses to handle affairs.

(sixteen) to promote the standardization and facilitation of government services. Formulate and issue implementation opinions on accelerating the standardization, standardization and facilitation of government services in Yunnan Province. Standardize the window setting and business handling of government services, and establish and improve the service optimization mechanism.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(seventeen) continue to promote the "one network". Upgrade the province’s integrated government service platform, continue to promote the docking of high-frequency business systems, promote grassroots business systems to access the province’s integrated government service platform, and focus on solving the problem of repeated entry of business data at the grassroots level. Optimize "one mobile phone to handle affairs" and launch more new functions and new items that benefit enterprises and facilitate the people. Promote the aging transformation of the province’s integrated government service platform. Strive to achieve an online service rate of over 97% in 2022, an online service rate of over 70% in the whole process, and an "instant service" ratio of administrative licensing items to 35%.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(eighteen) to accelerate the orderly sharing of government service data. Compile the catalogue of government service data resources and the list of supply and demand docking, and improve the sharing and exchange mechanism of government service data. With the sharing of government service data and the popularization and application of electronic certificates, we will support the government service matters to reduce links, materials, time and running.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(nineteen) to promote the application of electronic certificates and mutual recognition. Expand the application fields of personal electronic licenses and enterprise electronic licenses, accelerate the standardization of electronic licenses, and strengthen the cross-regional and cross-departmental cooperation in the application of electronic licenses. Strive to basically realize the electronization of the common licenses of enterprises and the masses before the end of 2022, and simultaneously issue and apply them with the physical licenses, with unified standards and mutual recognition throughout the province.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty) vigorously promote the "one thing at a time", "inter provincial office" and "provincial office". Accelerate the "inter-provincial general office" of government services in the five southwestern provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and the Pan-Pearl River Delta region. Efforts will be made to promote the implementation of the "five-level and twelve-level" implementation list for government service matters at the grassroots level, and accelerate the implementation of "one network for high-frequency government service matters". Deploy and apply a unified bidding acceptance system on the Internet side to improve the actual service rate of village-level platforms. Accelerate the launch of the first batch of integrated services on the theme of work, and provide themed and package services.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-one) to optimize the people’s livelihood security services. We will carry out centralized survey and joint examination and approval for the occupation, excavation and temporary occupation of urban roads and green spaces by external access projects of municipal facilities such as water, electricity and gas, and realize the "one thing at a time" for the installation of water, electricity and gas for construction projects. Promote the simultaneous handling of water and electricity transfer and real estate registration. Promote the full coverage of notarization in the pilot work of judicial auxiliary affairs of people’s courts. Full implementation of the "internet plus real estate registration", and expansion of the new commercial housing "upon delivery of the certificate" service. Relying on the national integrated government service platform, we will improve the policies and procedures for the transfer and continuation of medical insurance relations and promote "online office". Strengthen data sharing among social assistance departments, use big data analysis to accurately find the target of assistance, and change "people looking for policies" into "policies looking for people".(Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Department of Civil Affairs, Provincial Department of Justice, Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Energy Bureau, Provincial Medical Insurance Bureau, and the people’s governments at the state and municipal levels are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-two) to strengthen the efficiency supervision of government services. We will improve the system of "good bad reviews" for government services, increase the supervision of the rectification of bad reviews, and ensure that the rectification rate of real-name bad reviews is 100%. Strengthen the analysis and application of evaluation data, and establish a long-term solution mechanism for high-frequency issues with concentrated bad reviews and direct relationship with the vital interests of the people. Create an integrated efficiency supervision platform, and bring the whole process of government service and supervision into the real-time supervision of the platform to improve the intelligent and digital level of efficiency supervision.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

Fourth, create an innovative and entrepreneurial ecology and enhance the vitality of development

(twenty-three) to further optimize the foreign investment environment. Fully implement the national treatment plus negative list management system before foreign investment access. Strengthen the management of filing (approval) of foreign-invested projects to ensure preferential treatment for foreign-invested projects. Actively do a good job in the reserve and landing support services for major foreign-funded projects. Promote the implementation of RCEP China commitments, strengthen port opening cooperation, and improve the utilization rate of FTA.(led by the Provincial Development and Reform Commission and the Provincial Department of Commerce; Provincial departments, the relevant state and municipal people’s governments shall be responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-four) optimize the services provided by enterprises. We will continue to upgrade and set up a "one-window service platform" for enterprises, optimize work procedures, and fully implement the "one-form declaration" model. Promote the use of electronic business licenses, electronic seals and electronic invoices, and explore the simultaneous online completion of "doing" and "taking". In 2022, the start-up time of enterprises will be reduced to less than one working day.(Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Public Security Department and Provincial Taxation Bureau take the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-five) vigorously promote the facilitation of customs clearance at ports. Strengthen port infrastructure construction and continuously optimize port opening layout. Promote the realization of the "single window" service function of international trade from port customs clearance to port logistics and trade services, and continue to promote the application of the "single window" platform of international trade in China (Yunnan). Accelerate the progress of export tax rebate, and reduce the average processing time of normal export tax rebate business to less than 6 working days before the end of 2022.(led by Provincial Department of Commerce, Kunming Customs and Provincial Taxation Bureau; Provincial departments, the relevant state and municipal people’s governments shall be responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-six) to enhance the ability of financial institutions to serve small and micro enterprises. Increase the scale and intensity of small and micro enterprises’ first loans, credit loans and medium and long-term loans. Support financial institutions to issue special financial bonds for small and micro enterprises. Expand the scale of government financing guarantee business for small and micro enterprises. Guide financial institutions to innovate financial products that meet the characteristics of small and micro enterprises, such as light assets and heavy intelligence, and improve the corresponding credit management mechanism.(Kunming Central Branch of the People’s Bank of China takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-seven) increase support for scientific and technological innovation. Strengthen the creation of space and incubators, and vigorously cultivate scientific and technological enterprises. Implement the "triple multiplication" action plan of high-tech enterprises and guide them to develop in the direction of specialization, quality and characteristics.(led by the Provincial Science and Technology Department; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(28) Stabilize and expand employment. Implement the national policy of supporting multi-channel flexible employment and further broaden the employment channels for workers. Improve the minimum wage and payment guarantee system, and promote the inclusion of new employment forms of workers who do not fully meet the established labor relations into the scope of system protection. Promote the work of occupational injury protection for flexible employees on the platform, establish and improve the service standard and operation mechanism of occupational injury protection management, and earnestly safeguard the labor security rights and interests of workers in new employment forms.(led by the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(twenty-nine) to further optimize the tax service. Accelerate the construction of smart taxation, and in 2022, basically realize the "one household" and "one person" intelligent collection of corporate tax information. We will steadily implement the reform of electronic invoices, and provide taxpayers with services such as application, issuance, delivery and inspection of electronic invoices 24 hours a day.(Provincial Taxation Bureau takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

(30) Establish and improve the normalized communication mechanism between government and enterprises. We will improve the comprehensive platform for optimizing the business environment, set up a questionnaire on business environment satisfaction and a complaint reporting column in a normal way, and achieve a closed-loop working mechanism for online handling of the whole process, such as questionnaire survey, complaint reporting, assigned handling and result feedback, so as to realize the 24-hour normal supervision of the business environment by enterprises and the masses.(The general office of the provincial government takes the lead; Provincial departments, state and municipal people’s governments are responsible for the division of responsibilities)

All localities and relevant departments should effectively incorporate the deepening of the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform into the important work schedule of local departments, strictly follow the requirements of task-oriented, project-oriented and list-oriented, strengthen coordination and strengthen measures to ensure the orderly and efficient promotion of all work in 2022. The lead unit should play a leading role, organize and implement various special tasks to ensure clear time limit, quantitative tasks, detailed responsibilities and transformation of results; Responsible units should conscientiously perform their duties, act actively and effectively, and form a joint effort. Significant progress and achievements, outstanding problems and suggestions for improvement in the work should be reported to the provincial people’s government in a timely manner.

　　Beijing, April 14th (Reporter Xie Qing) "National security and social stability are the prerequisites for reform and development. Only with national security and social stability can reform and development continue to advance. " When the National Security Council was established, the Supreme Leader of president stated that national security should be clearly listed as the top priority.

　　The supreme leader pointed out that it is an important principle that we must always adhere to in managing the party and the country to enhance the sense of hardship and be prepared for danger in times of peace. Our party should consolidate its ruling position, unite and lead the people to uphold and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics and ensure national security.

　　The National Security Law passed by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on July 1, 2015 stipulates that national security news propaganda and public opinion guidance should be strengthened, and national security publicity and education activities should be carried out through various forms.

　　At the same time, April 15th will be designated as the National Security Education Day, and national security education will be incorporated into the national education system and the civil servant education and training system, so as to enhance the national security awareness of the whole people.

　　With the development of the times, the new situation not only calls for a new concept of development and reform, but also needs a new concept of security. Let’s review, the Supreme Leader’s Chairman put forward that "we should adhere to the overall national security concept and embark on a national security road with China characteristics".

　　New National Security Law: April 15th is designated as National Security Education Day for all.

　　On July 1, 2015, the 15th session of the 12th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) voted to pass the new national security law. The Supreme Leader of president signed Presidential Decree No.29 to announce it.

　　The new national security law defines the national security tasks in 11 fields, including political security, homeland security, military security, cultural security, and scientific and technological security, and it will be implemented as of the date of promulgation.

　　The law clearly defines national security, that is, the state power, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, people’s well-being, sustainable economic and social development and other major national interests are relatively in a state of no danger and no internal and external threats, as well as the ability to guarantee a state of continuous security, and April 15 every year is designated as the National Security Education Day for all.

　　It has been more than 20 years since China enacted the first national security law in 1993. With the development of the country, the national security situation has undergone tremendous changes, and the tasks and requirements for safeguarding national security have also changed.

　　The overall national security concept put forward by the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the general secretary emphasizes the comprehensive maintenance of national security in all fields, and it is precisely the need to formulate a law to deal with various threats and risks of national security and guide the work in all fields of national security.

　　国安机关表彰大会：开创国家安全工作新局面

　　2015年5月19日，全国国家安全机关总结表彰大会在北京召开。中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席最高领袖会见全体与会代表，并发表重要讲话。

　　国家安全机关是维护国家主权、安全、发展利益，建设和发展中国特色社会主义的特殊力量，为保卫社会主义国家政权、保持社会和谐稳定、保护人民生命财产安全发挥了重要作用。

　　最高领袖指出，党的十八大以来，在党中央领导下，各级国家安全机关围绕中心、服务大局，为维护国家安全和社会大局稳定作出了重要贡献。实践证明，国家安全干警不愧是党和人民可以信赖的忠诚卫士，不愧是甘于奉献的无名英雄，党和人民永远不会忘记。

　　在受到表彰的先进单位和个人中，最高领袖强调全国国家安全机关要以他们为榜样，认真学习贯彻党的十八大和十八届三中、四中全会精神，贯彻落实总体国家安全观，坚定理想信念，忠诚党的事业，与时俱进开创国家安全工作新局面，为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦作出更大贡献。

　　"It is necessary to sum up experience, strictly manage, and strive to build a cadre team that is firm and pure, reassuring the party, willing to contribute, and able to fight for success." The standard requirement of 16 words is also a concise summary of the supreme leader’s expectations for "national security cadres."

　　New security concept in Asia: common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable

　　On May 21st, 2014, the fourth summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Measures in Asia was held in Shanghai on May 21st. The Supreme Leader of president, China presided over the meeting and delivered a keynote speech entitled "Actively Establishing the Asian Security Concept and Creating a New Situation of Security Cooperation".

　　The Supreme Leader emphasized that China will work with all parties to actively advocate a common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable concept of Asian security, build a new framework of regional security and cooperation, and strive to embark on a road of Asian security that is jointly built, shared and win-win.

　　China’s peaceful development starts in Asia, relies on Asia and benefits Asia. The Supreme Leader said that the people of China are willing to work with all parties to realize the Asian dream of lasting peace and common development.

　　The wise change with time, and the wise make it with things. The Supreme Leader’s Asian security concept is undoubtedly of great significance to the development of China and Asia. This is related to the Chinese dream of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and then to the prospect of achieving all-round prosperity, cooperation and development in Asia.

　　All parties at the meeting spoke highly of China’s great contribution to promoting peace, stability and prosperity in Asia and the world, appreciated China’s adherence to peaceful development and good neighborliness, and supported the Asian security concept advocated by China. It can be seen that the new Asian security concept can achieve common security, common development and common prosperity.

　　The first meeting of the National Security Committee: the first mention of the overall national security concept

　　On April 15, 2014, the Supreme Leader presided over the first meeting of the National Security Council.

　　The Supreme Leader pointed out that at present, the connotation and extension of China’s national security are richer than at any time in history, the space-time field is broader than at any time in history, and the internal and external factors are more complicated than at any time in history. We must adhere to the overall concept of national security, take people’s security as the purpose, take political security as the foundation, take economic security as the basis, take military, cultural and social security as the guarantee, and rely on promoting international security to embark on a national security road with China characteristics.

　　In addition, the Supreme Leader stressed that it is a major principle that we must always adhere to in managing the party and the country to enhance the sense of hardship and be prepared for danger in times of peace. Our party should consolidate its ruling position, unite and lead the people to uphold and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and ensure national security is a top priority.

　　To implement the overall concept of national security, we must attach importance to both external security and internal security, and seek internal development, change, stability, building a peaceful China, external peace, cooperation, win-win situation and building a harmonious world.

　　“总体国家安全观”创造性地提出了富有中国特色的国家安全价值观念、工作思路与机制路径，是新时期下的“新国家安全观”，是符合中国实际国情的“新国家安全观”。

　　网络安全和信息化：没有网络安全就没有国家安全

　　2014年2月27日，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席、中央网络安全和信息化领导小组组长最高领袖主持召开中央网络安全和信息化领导小组第一次会议并发表重要讲话。

　　当今世界，信息技术革命日新月异，对国际政治、经济、文化、社会、军事等领域发展产生了深刻影响。

　　最高领袖强调，网络安全和信息化对一个国家很多领域都是牵一发而动全身的，要认清我们面临的形势和任务，充分认识做好工作的重要性和紧迫性，因势而谋，应势而动，顺势而为。

　　“网络安全和信息化是事关国家安全和国家发展、事关广大人民群众工作生活的重大战略问题，要从国际国内大势出发，总体布局，统筹各方，创新发展，努力把我国建设成为网络强国。”最高领袖指出，没有网络安全就没有国家安全，没有信息化就没有现代化。

　　At the same time, the Supreme Leader proposed that the Central Leading Group for Cyber Security and Informatization should play a centralized and unified leadership role, coordinate major issues of cyber security and informatization in various fields, formulate and implement national cyber security and informatization development strategies, macro-plans and major policies, and continuously enhance security capabilities.

　　National Security Council: Strengthen centralized and unified leadership over national security work.

　　On November 12, 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee decided to establish the National Security Council.

　　National security and social stability are prerequisites for reform and development. The Supreme Leader pointed out that the main duties of the National Security Council are to formulate and implement national security strategies, promote the construction of the rule of law in national security, formulate principles and policies for national security work, and study and solve major problems in national security work.

　　Only with national security and social stability can reform and development continue to advance. The Supreme Leader stressed that at present, China is facing the dual pressures of safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests externally and maintaining political security and social stability internally, and various foreseeable and unpredictable risk factors have increased significantly. However, our security work system and mechanism can not meet the needs of maintaining national security, and we need to build a strong platform to coordinate national security work.

　　It is imperative to set up the National Security Council and strengthen centralized and unified leadership over national security work.

　　CCTV News:The net of "gambling" is restored, and "losing" does not leak. In recent years, some lawless elements have "moved" gambling tables to the Internet, disseminated illegal gambling information through various channels, and wantonly recruited gamblers, collected gambling funds and even cheated. Some people want to make a big profit, but the result is "on the road."

　　Recently, many cases of public security organs cracking down on online gambling crimes have aroused public concern, and related cases have uncovered the inside story of online gambling "fancy" scam. These online gambling hidden abroad are designed to swindle Chinese people.

　　Tens of thousands of people registered and the amount of bets exceeded 10 billion yuan.

　　"I played for about two years and lost 600 thousand." Wang, 27, once participated in online gambling.

　　Like many people, Wang just started with a try mentality. After losing nine out of ten bets, he set his bet on the lowest 500 yuan, always thinking that he could "get it back", so he intensified his gambling, and soon lost all his savings and began to gamble on overdraft credit cards and loans. It was not until the debt collection phone called home that it was discovered by parents and wife.

　　The game played by Wang is an online gambling game called "Kuai 3", that is, three numbers are selected to carry out gambling activities by betting on "size" and guessing "singles and doubles". Behind it is run by a criminal gang called "Giant Company".

　　The game is operated in a black box. Zheng, who is the technical manager of the gang, said that gambling sites can control the outcome. According to Zheng, this game can control the proportion of winning and losing through the program. For example, with 10% on the same day, on the basis of ensuring the total profit of 10%, the website can even control the results of individual figures, thus ensuring that the bookmaker will make a profit.

　　The police found that this is a family-run criminal gang whose organization is in Cambodia. Due to the detailed division of labor and strict management, this gang involving 100 people operates smoothly. After investigation, the actual controllers of this criminal gang are three brothers of Fujian-Huang family, their wives, children and relatives. The Huang family managed 29 gambling sites before and after.

　　There are tens of thousands of gamblers registered in gambling sites controlled by the Huang family, and the amount of bets exceeds 10 billion RMB. Among them, about 50 gamblers lost more than 500,000, and about 20 gamblers lost more than one million. A steady stream of gamblers, so that several major shareholders can pay dividends of millions of yuan a month.

　　At the time of closing the net, the task force arrested 335 suspects at home and abroad. Among them, all 64 major suspects were arrested, more than 1,700 bank accounts were frozen and seized, 25 properties and 11 luxury vehicles were seized, with a total value of more than 300 million yuan. Five million RMB in cash was found in the trunk of a luxury car.

　　Forwarding advertisements wantonly, the development of "offline" is amazing.

　　Behind the high profits of gambling gangs is the ruin of gamblers.

　　Yang, a contractor in chahar right middle banner, Inner Mongolia, once worked hard from scratch to have a small savings, bought a house and a car. But in just one month, he became penniless and even heavily in debt.

　　One day in December 2018, Yang accidentally saw a game called "Poker Mystery" in the circle of friends, so he downloaded it and played it.

　　This "poker puzzle" game has expanded wildly by becoming a "president". Gamblers can invite others to enter the game. As long as they pull 30 people into the game, they can become a "president" and get the corresponding commission.

　　Yang gradually became obsessed with it, playing a few games as long as he had time. The amount of bets has also soared from the initial 100 yuan to thousands or even tens of thousands of yuan. The husband and wife squandered their savings for many years in a month. Not only that, he also sold all valuable things at home, such as cars and jewelry, and owed more and more debts.

　　In order to become agents and get extra income, many gamblers wantonly forward advertisements in major forums and friends’ circles. According to Lu Junyi, the captain of Netan Brigade of chahar right middle banner Public Security Bureau in Inner Mongolia who participated in the case detection, criminal gangs developed gamblers through fission, and then developed gamblers into agents, who then developed gamblers. The original thousands of people have turned into 200,000 in one year.

　　In the investigation, the police found that the address of the bank card involved was in Cambodia. Wei, a person involved in the case, often traveled to and from Cambodia and Tangshan. Friends and relatives around him also often went in and out of Cambodia, and there were a lot of information about bank cards. After learning that this was a cross-border online gambling case, the police closed the net at the same time in more than a dozen cities across the country.

　　By the time the police closed the net, the registered number of the game had reached more than 200,000, and the daily flow had reached more than 30 million yuan. In the end, 21 major criminal suspects were arrested and 4,053 bank cards were frozen, involving more than 80 million yuan.

　　Say no to online gambling!

　　With the popularity of computers and smart phones, online gambling has become a new cancer. The Ministry of Public Security said on January 16 that in 2019, more than 7,200 criminal cases of online gambling were detected, more than 18 billion yuan of gambling funds were seized and frozen, and more than 300 gambling gangs such as illegal underground banks and online payment were destroyed.

　　At the two ends of online gambling, one is an ill-intentioned banker, and the other is a gambler at the mercy of others. It often doesn’t take long, and the latter can go bankrupt.

　　In a word, indulging in online gambling not only affects yourself, but also affects friends and relatives around you. Please don’t take chances and stay away from these behaviors. (Text/Kang Yanlong)

　　On February 19th,After (09618) announced that it would pay five insurances and one gold for full-time riders, Meituan (03690) quickly announced that it would pay social security for full-time and stable part-time riders, which is expected to be implemented in the second quarter of 2025.

　　Today, it is announced that starting from March 1st, 2025, JD.COM will gradually pay five insurances and one gold for full-time take-away riders, and provide accident insurance and health care insurance for part-time riders.

　　The official news of the US Mission said that since 2024, the US Mission has paid the old-age pension for riders.The social security scheme has been carefully studied, and different cities in different regions have been selected for in-depth research, and a preliminary pilot scheme has been formed under the guidance of relevant departments. At present, an information system related to rider social security is being built, which is expected to be implemented in the second quarter of 2025, and gradually pay social security for full-time and stable part-time riders.

　　Since July 2022, under the guidance of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Meituan has taken the lead in launching a pilot project of occupational injury protection for people with new employment forms, and has invested 1.4 billion yuan to pay occupational injury insurance premiums for all riders in seven pilot provinces and cities, which will further cover all riders in all provinces and cities in the future.

　　At the same time, in 2025, Meituan will completely cancel the delivery overtime fine, implement "anti-fatigue" measures, and accelerate the construction of friendly scenes in all fields such as "rider-friendly community".

　　◆ "Biodiversity makes the earth full of vitality and is also the basis for human survival and development. Protecting biodiversity helps to maintain the earth’s homeland and promote the sustainable development of mankind. " On October 12, 2021, at the leaders’ summit of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader emphasized this.

　　As early as more than 2,000 years ago, China’s sages put forward the idea that "all things coexist without harming each other" and "heaven and earth coexist with me, and all things are one with me", which embodies the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

　　By constructing a scientific and reasonable nature reserve system, 90% of terrestrial ecosystem types and 71% of national key protected wildlife species in China have been effectively protected, and some rare and endangered species have gradually recovered in the wild.

　　◆ The number of giant pandas increased from 1,114 in the 1970s and 1980s to 1,864; Hainan gibbon, which is extremely endangered, has increased from 7 to 9 at the low valley to more than 30; The crested ibis recovered from 7 at the time of discovery to more than 5,000; Tibetan antelopes have recovered from tens of thousands to more than 300 thousand at present.

　　In recent ten years, about 200 new species of plants have been discovered annually in China, accounting for 1/10 of the annual increase of new species of plants in the world.

　　◆ The concept of "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" has been widely accepted by China society, which has promoted China’s leading position in biodiversity protection.

　　◆ Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has promulgated and revised more than 20 biodiversity-related laws and regulations, including the Forest Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Wildlife Protection Law, Environmental Protection Law, Marine Environmental Protection Law, Seed Law, Wetland Law, Yangtze River Protection Law and Biosafety Law.

　　◆ Integrated management of landscape, forest, field, lake, grass and sand, China has carried out a series of fundamental, pioneering and long-term work, and the construction of ecological civilization has undergone historic, turning and overall changes from understanding to practice.

　　◆ Since 2019, China has become the largest donor to the core budget of the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Protocols.

　　◆ The China Declaration on Biodiversity Protection, China’s responsibility and China’s proposition will definitely inject more confidence and motivation into global ecological environment governance.

　　Wen &ensp; | "Outlook" Newsweek reporter &ensp; Gao Jing

　　May 22nd, International Biodiversity Day.

　　Biodiversity is related to human well-being and an important foundation for human survival and development. As early as more than 2,000 years ago, China’s sages put forward the idea that "all things coexist without harming each other" and "heaven and earth coexist with me, and all things are one with me", which embodies the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

　　China has a vast territory, both land and sea, complex landforms and diverse climate, which breeds rich and unique ecosystems, species and genetic diversity. It is one of the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world and one of the first parties to sign and ratify the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.

　　Ecological prosperity leads to civilized prosperity, while ecological decline leads to civilized decline.

　　"Biodiversity makes the earth full of vitality and is also the basis for human survival and development. Protecting biodiversity helps to maintain the earth’s homeland and promote the sustainable development of mankind. " On October 12, 2021, at the leaders summit of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15), the Chairman of the Supreme Leader emphasized this.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the guidance of the supreme leader’s ecological civilization thought, China has adhered to ecological priority and green development, the legal system of ecological environmental protection has been improved day by day, the supervision mechanism has been continuously strengthened, and the basic capacity has been greatly improved. A new pattern of biodiversity governance has basically taken shape, and biodiversity protection has entered a new historical period.

　　Protection and restoration &ensp; the chinese answer

　　"Look! Come out again! One head, two heads, at least six heads &hellip; &hellip;” On the afternoon of April 22nd, Xu Jianli, president of Wuhan Xinzhou District Environmental Volunteers Association, once again saw the picture of finless porpoises playing in the water by the Yangtze River.

　　The Yangtze finless porpoise is a flagship species of biodiversity and an indicator species of ecological health in the Yangtze River. At 0: 00 on January 1, 2021, the 10-year fishing ban in key waters of the Yangtze River Basin was fully launched. Fishermen have landed and finless porpoises are "going home".

　　The finless porpoise in MengMeng, the naive giant panda, and an orchid in a deep valley &hellip; &hellip; Biodiversity makes this blue planet very lively.

　　According to statistics, more than 3 billion people in the world depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihood, and more than 1.6 billion people depend on forest and non-wood forest products for their livelihood. More than 50% of the pharmaceutical ingredients in the world come from natural animals and plants.

　　However, the global extinction rate is accelerating, and biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation pose great risks to human survival and development. Reports show that about 1 million species of animals and plants are threatened with extinction, and many of them will probably become extinct in the next few decades. The current rate of species extinction is several tens to hundreds times higher than the average of the past 10 million years, and it is accelerating.

　　"We must stand at the height of being responsible for human civilization, respect nature, conform to nature, protect nature, explore the road of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, promote the coordination and unity of economic development and ecological protection, and build a prosperous, clean and beautiful world." On September 30, 2020, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader made an important speech at the United Nations Biodiversity Summit by video, pointing out that.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the guidance of the supreme leader’s ecological civilization thought, China has continuously strengthened the protection and restoration of wildlife and habitats by promoting the construction of nature reserves system and cracking down on illegal trade, and achieved remarkable results in biodiversity protection.

　　Constantly optimize the local protection system. China actively promotes the establishment of a nature reserve system with national parks as the main body, nature reserves as the basis, and various natural parks as supplements, protects important natural ecosystems and biological resources, and plays an active role in maintaining the habitats of important species &mdash; &mdash;

　　In 2021, one of the great "online celebrity" in the animal kingdom will be the wild Asian elephants in Yunnan. Moving from the north to the south, the elephants traveled more than 1,000 kilometers in a roundabout way, and the actions of the China government and the masses to protect elephants won world recognition. Through years of protection, the wild population of Asian elephants in China has increased from 180 in the 1980s to about 300 at present.

　　On August 12, 2021, Asian elephants entered Mojiang County, Yunnan Province and returned to their traditional habitats. The journey of Yunnan elephants to the north and back reflects the achievements of China in protecting wild animals.

　　Since 2015, China has successively launched 10 national park system pilots, including Sanjiangyuan. In 2021, the first batch of national parks such as Sanjiangyuan, Giant Panda, Northeast Tiger Leopard, Hainan Rainforest and Wuyishan were officially established.

　　Up to now, there are nearly 10,000 nature reserves in China, with an area of more than 170 million hectares, accounting for about 18% of the land area, and the goal of reaching 17% by 2020 proposed by the Convention on Biological Diversity has been completed ahead of schedule. The total area of marine nature reserves is 124,000 square kilometers, accounting for about 4.1% of the sea area under the jurisdiction of China.

　　The red line system of ecological protection is an institutional innovation in China’s land space management and control, which further strengthens the protection of key areas of biodiversity. Since the start of the work in 2014, the area of the national ecological protection red line initially designated by China is not less than 25% of the land area, and areas with extremely important ecological functions such as biodiversity conservation and extremely fragile ecology are included in the ecological protection red line for strict protection.

　　In September 2019, in the "Nature-based Solutions (NBS)" activity of the UN Secretary-General’s Climate Action Summit, the red line case of ecological protection in China was successfully selected as one of the 15 top-quality cases in the world.

　　By constructing a scientific and reasonable nature reserve system, 90% of terrestrial ecosystem types and 71% of national key protected wild animal and plant species in China have been effectively protected, and some rare and endangered species have gradually recovered in the wild. From south to north, from inland to seashore, more and more rare birds and animals are returning, showing the beauty of nature and ecology.

　　At present, the number of giant pandas has increased from 1114 in the 1970s and 1980s to 1864. Hainan gibbon, which is extremely endangered, has increased from 7 to 9 at the low valley to more than 30; The crested ibis recovered from 7 at the time of discovery to more than 5,000; Tibetan antelopes have recovered from tens of thousands to more than 300 thousand at present.

　　On January 28, 2021, Zhu Xi lived on the river stone in the Hanjiang section of Pangwan Village, Huangjinxia Town, Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province. Photo/print by Tao Benyao

　　Continue to increase ex-situ protection. China has established a relatively complete ex-situ conservation system such as botanical gardens, zoos (including marine parks and aquariums), wildlife rescue and breeding bases, germplasm resources banks and gene banks &mdash; &mdash;

　　On April 18th this year, the National Botanical Garden was officially unveiled in Beijing, which marked a new step in biodiversity conservation in China. The National Botanical Garden will focus on collecting more than 30,000 species of native plants in the three northern regions, representative plants in the northern temperate zone, representative plants in different geographical regions around the world and rare and endangered plants, and collect 5 million representative plant specimens from five continents, and build 20 characteristic special gardens, 7 systematic evolution plant exhibition areas and 1 native plant conservation area.

　　In recent years, China has paid more attention to the protection of germplasm resources, established nearly 200 botanical gardens (arboretums), preserved more than 23,000 species of plants (about 60% of the total number of plants in China), and systematically collected and preserved germplasm resources of endangered plants such as Orchidaceae, Cycas and Magnolia. Some very small populations of wild plants, such as Putuo Carpinus, Huagaimu and Michelia Emei, have initially got rid of the risk of extinction.

　　A species is a gene pool. In the lush dense forest in the northern suburb of Kunming, more than 10,000 species of plant seeds are preserved in the wildlife germplasm resource bank in southwest China, including Davidia involucrata, Taxus himalayana, Maitreya Gesneria &hellip; &hellip; Seeds of tens of thousands of wild plants, including many rare and endangered plants, live together in this "Noah’s Ark". This germplasm resource bank, together with Kew Millennium Seed Bank in Britain and Svalbard Global Seed Bank in Norway, has become an important facility for global biodiversity protection.

　　At present, there are more than 240 zoos (animal exhibition areas) in China, which raise 775 kinds of animals at home and abroad; 250 wild animal rescue and breeding bases have been established, and more than 60 rare and endangered wild animals have been artificially propagated successfully and a stable artificial population has been established.

　　The national biosafety management capacity has been continuously improved. In recent years, China’s biotechnology has developed healthily, the protection and supervision of biological genetic resources have been continuously strengthened, and the prevention and control mechanism of alien species invasion has been gradually improved &mdash; &mdash;

　　Black-backed ant, short-breasted Anoplophora javanica, salvia splendens &hellip; &hellip; These alien species were intercepted by local customs from passengers’ luggage and mail. In the first quarter of this year, the national customs intercepted 173 species of quarantine pests and 13,900 times.

　　While strengthening port prevention and control and strictly preventing the invasion of alien species, China has made great efforts to improve the safety management of genetically modified organisms and strengthen the supervision of biological genetic resources. In recent years, relevant departments have organized and carried out the national survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources, the national survey and collection of agricultural germplasm resources, the survey of livestock and poultry genetic resources, and the survey of forest and grass germplasm resources & HELIP; &hellip; Find out the background of biological genetic resources and the distribution, protection and utilization of important biological genetic resources.

　　In recent ten years, about 200 new species of plants have been discovered annually in China, accounting for 1/10 of the annual increase of new species of plants in the world.

　　Systematic treatment &ensp; Chinese wisdom

　　May 5, Sanjiangyuan National Park. The first batch of 137 female Tibetan antelopes headed for Zhuonaihu Tibetan Antelope Aggregation, Hoh Xil, where they gave birth, through the animal passage of Qinghai-Tibet Railway and Qinghai-Tibet Highway. The annual large-scale migration of Tibetan antelopes in Hoh Xil began.

　　"The continuous improvement of the living conditions of the Tibetan antelope population is one of the successful cases of human participation in species protection." Lian Xinming, a researcher at Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, China Academy of Sciences.

　　The story of Tibetan antelope, the "plateau elf", is like a microcosm, witnessing the wisdom of China in biodiversity conservation.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s biodiversity protection has been aimed at building a beautiful China, actively adapting to the new situation and new requirements, upgrading biodiversity protection to a national strategy, improving the system of policies and regulations, promoting the organic combination of biodiversity protection and improving people’s livelihood, making overall plans to promote the integrated protection and systematic management of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grass and sand, and constantly improving the capacity of biodiversity management.

　　Adhere to the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and actively promote the mainstream process of biodiversity protection with national strategy &mdash; &mdash;

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has personally planned and arranged the deployment of major biodiversity protection projects, and made biodiversity an important part of ecological civilization construction, rising to a national strategy.

　　On September 11th, 2015, the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee held a meeting to review and approve the Overall Plan of Ecological Civilization System Reform, which became the top-level design of China’s ecological civilization reform.

　　Cui Shuhong, director of the Department of Natural Ecological Protection of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, felt particularly deeply about the process of mainstreaming biodiversity protection. He introduced that in recent years, China has included biodiversity protection in the important agenda of government departments, and clearly established that "the rate of biodiversity loss has been basically controlled and the stability of the national ecosystem has been significantly enhanced" as one of the main goals of ecological civilization construction, and gradually incorporated into various planning plans at all levels.

　　The Tenth Five-Year Plan and the Outline of the Long-term Goals for 2035 will systematically deploy the implementation of major biodiversity protection projects and the construction of biodiversity protection networks as the key tasks to improve the quality and stability of ecosystems.

　　Accelerate the construction of the system of ecological civilization system and build a system of "four beams and eight pillars" for the protection of thousands of vegetation &mdash; &mdash;

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has promulgated and revised more than 20 biodiversity-related laws and regulations, including the Forest Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Wildlife Protection Law, Environmental Protection Law, Marine Environmental Protection Law, Seed Law, Wetland Law, Yangtze River Protection Law and Biosafety Law, covering the fields of wildlife and important ecosystem protection, biosafety, and access and benefit sharing of biogenetic resources.

　　On February 24th, 2020, the 16th meeting of the 13th the NPC Standing Committee adopted the Decision on Completely Banning the Illegal Wildlife Trade, Eliminating the Bad Habit of Eating Wild Animals, and Effectively Protecting People’s Life, Health and Safety. A series of policies and regulations, medium and long-term plans and action plans provide a solid institutional guarantee for biodiversity protection and management.

　　Adhere to Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, promote the organic combination of biodiversity protection and improving people’s livelihood &mdash; &mdash;

　　Hu Bin, a villager from Yucun, Tianhuangping Town, Anji County, Zhejiang Province, is a native. In the early years of the village, the sight of mountains digging, guns rumbling and dust all over the sky was the deepest memory of his childhood.

　　In 2005, the supreme leader, then secretary of Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee, visited Yucun and put forward the scientific conclusion of "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets".

　　Yucun, who has firmly practiced this important concept, has now taken on a new look. With the closure of the mine to restore the ecology, Yucun now has scenery in all seasons. Five years ago, Hu Bin, who had worked hard outside for many years, opened an inn in his hometown.

　　From "selling stones" to "selling scenery", the two-way transformation from "green mountains and green hills" to "Jinshan Yinshan" has been realized, which reflects the historic change of China’s green development concept.

　　Explore the gross product accounting of ecosystem, expand the horizontal ecological compensation of river basin, and vigorously develop the green ecological industry &hellip; &hellip; All localities have explored the two-way transformation between "green mountains and green hills" and "Jinshan Yinshan", and ecological protection and economic development have embarked on a win-win road.

　　The Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme, Inge Annosson, said that the concept of "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" has been widely accepted by China society, which has promoted China’s leading position in biodiversity conservation.

　　Adhere to the concept of system and make overall plans to promote the integrated protection and systematic management of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grass and sand &mdash; &mdash;

　　Mountains and rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grass and sand are inseparable communities of life.

　　In November, 2013, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader put forward that "landscape, forest, fields and lakes are a community of life" in the explanation of "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Decision on Comprehensively Deepening Reform". After that, this important exposition was continuously enriched and expanded, and "grass" and "sand" were added in 2017 and 2021 respectively, with a view to adhering to the system concept and proceeding from the integrity of the ecosystem, promoting the integrated protection and restoration of grass and sand in landscape, forest, field and lake, and improving the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem.

　　A series of major ecological projects, such as shelterbelts in the Three North Areas, natural forest protection, and returning farmland to forests and grasslands, have been further promoted; Accelerate the establishment of a nature reserve system with national parks as the main body; The system of river length and lake length has been fully established, and rivers and lakes have their own guardians &hellip; &hellip; Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has taken a series of fundamental, pioneering and long-term work to control the grass and sand in landscape, forest, fields, lakes and lakes, and the construction of ecological civilization has undergone historic, turning and overall changes from recognition to practice.

　　In recent years, based on major biodiversity protection projects, China has carried out comprehensive biodiversity survey and assessment. At present, China’s biodiversity situation has been basically clarified, and the investigation and assessment of coastal wetland ecosystems with biodiversity background of nearly 180 counties and over 3,500 kilometers have been completed. China has initially formed a national biodiversity observation network, established 749 observation sample areas, laid out 11,887 sample lines and points, and built a species distribution database with 2,376 county-level administrative units and observation sample lines exceeding 34,000 kilometers.

　　The secretariat of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity released the fifth edition of Global Biodiversity Outlook in September 2020, in which 13 times showed China’s successful experience in biodiversity conservation. China’s wisdom and China’s plan, which are the unity of heaven and man and the nature of Taoism, have won world recognition.

　　Earth Home &ensp; China takes responsibility.

　　Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is full of lush forests and refreshing green.

　　On April 11th, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader visited Hainan, went deep into Wuzhishan area, walked along the wooden plank road to inspect the ecological environment of the park, stopped from time to time, and asked about tree growth, water conservation, animal and plant resources protection and so on.

　　"Hainan tropical rain forest does not belong to Hainan alone, it belongs to the people of the whole country, it belongs to the earth and it is a national treasure." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that Hainan should persist in establishing an ecological province, take the construction of ecological civilization as the top priority, strictly protect the tropical rain forest, realize the unity of ecological protection, green development and improvement of people’s livelihood, and show the world the fruitful achievements of China’s national park construction and biodiversity protection.

　　Biodiversity protection is advocated by China Declaration, China and China.

　　Building consensus and building a community of life on earth is the China Declaration &mdash; &mdash;

　　At present, mankind stands at the crossroads of protecting biodiversity and realizing global sustainable development. The earth is the common home of mankind. Faced with global challenges such as the loss of biodiversity, all countries are a community of destiny in the same boat.

　　On October 12, 2021, at the leaders’ summit of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "The international community should strengthen cooperation, think with one heart and make efforts to build a community of life on earth."

　　The "Kunming Declaration" put forward by China and widely agreed by all parties was formally adopted at the high-level meeting. The declaration promises to ensure the formulation, adoption and implementation of an effective "global biodiversity framework after 2020" to reverse the current trend of biodiversity loss and ensure that biodiversity will be on the road to recovery by 2030 at the latest, so as to fully realize the 2050 vision of harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

　　The large-scale painted works in the press center of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity show the beautiful ecological environment and rich biodiversity (photo taken on October 12, 2021).

　　It is China’s responsibility to firmly fulfill the contract and participate in global biodiversity governance &mdash; &mdash;

　　As an important participant and contributor to the global biodiversity protection, China actively implements the Convention and its protocols, provides solutions for the world, and fully demonstrates the responsibility of big countries.

　　Since 2019, China has become the largest donor to the core budget of the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Protocols. China has become the largest donor of developing countries to the Global Environment Facility.

　　In May 2016, the United Nations Environment Programme released the report "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets: Strategy and Action of Ecological Civilization in China". The construction of ecological civilization in China has become a useful exploration and concrete practice of the concept of sustainable development, providing experience for other countries to deal with similar economic, environmental and social challenges.

　　These China practices have condensed China’s wisdom and further released a strong signal to the world that China will unswervingly follow the road of green development.

　　China advocates extensive cooperation to jointly safeguard the earth’s homeland &mdash; &mdash;

　　In Sino-Russian cross-border nature reserves, the number of species continues to grow, and wild Siberian tigers begin to migrate freely between Sino-Russian nature reserves.

　　In the Sino-Laos Cross-border Biodiversity Joint Protection Zone, this "promised land" with an area of 200,000 hectares has effectively protected rare and endangered species such as Asian elephants and their habitats.

　　At the 15th Leaders’ Summit of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader solemnly announced that China would take the lead in setting up the Kunming Biodiversity Fund with a capital of 1.5 billion yuan to support biodiversity conservation in developing countries.

　　The China Declaration on Biodiversity Protection, China’s responsibility and China’s proposition will certainly inject more confidence and motivation into global ecological environment governance.

　　According to the previous arrangement, the second phase of COP15 will continue to be held in Kunming this year, and will discuss the "Global Biodiversity Framework after 2020" and jointly draw a blueprint for global biodiversity protection in the next 10 years or even longer.

　　It is expected that this meeting will adopt an ambitious, balanced and pragmatic "framework", which will really help countries to look after each other, walk hand in hand, win-win cooperation and build a community of life on earth.

　　If you do not stop, the future can be expected. Standing at a new starting point, the international community will walk hand in hand, and we will certainly be able to build a beautiful earth home together.

　　Published in the 21st issue of Outlook in 2022.

　　Recently, China began to deploy COVID-19 vaccine to strengthen immunization in sequence. So, is sequential vaccination "mixing" different brands of vaccines? In fact, sequential vaccination emphasizes vaccination with different technical routes at intervals. Then why sequential vaccination? Is there a similar deployment abroad?

　　Why sequential inoculation?

　　Sequential inoculation refers to interval inoculation (alternate inoculation) of vaccines with different technical routes. According to Shao Yiming, a member of the expert group of the vaccine research and development special class of the joint prevention and control mechanism in the State Council, China, at the press conference of the joint prevention and control mechanism on the 19th, sequential immunization is often used for viruses with strong variability and difficult to deal with.

　　Wang Huaqing, chief expert of immunization program of China CDC, said that some countries in America, Europe and Southeast Asia have started to implement sequential immunization.

　　The European Medicines Agency and the European Center for Disease Control and Prevention issued a statement in December, 2021, saying that many studies showed that mixed inoculation ("mixed inoculation") of adenovirus vector vaccine and mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccine could "produce a better antibody level" and "produce a better T-cell immune response than vaccines using the same technology". T cells are one of the defenses against diseases in human body.

　　The statement said that "mixed vaccination" can "provide richer vaccination options, especially when a vaccine cannot be vaccinated for some reason, which can reduce the impact on vaccine promotion".

　　Shao Yiming said that there are two main purposes to adopt sequential immunization: one is that different vaccines can complement each other, and the other is that different personal constitutions may have more side effects on a certain type of vaccine, and vaccination with different technical routes can avoid side effects.

　　Temporary guide to "mixed fighting"

　　Based on the existing research data, the World Health Organization issued the interim guidelines for "mixed vaccination" in COVID-19 in December 2021. This guide is based on the recommendations made by the WHO Strategic Advisory Expert Group and is applicable to all COVID-19 vaccines on the WHO emergency use list. The guidelines suggest that if the first dose is a viral vector vaccine, whether the second dose or the booster dose can be vaccinated with mRNA vaccine; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium If inactivated vaccine is inoculated at first, viral vector vaccine or mRNA vaccine can be inoculated later.

　　Up to now, the vaccines that have entered the WHO emergency list include: AstraZeneca vaccine in Britain, Johnson & Johnson vaccine, Mardner vaccine and Pfizer vaccine in the United States, Sinopharm vaccine and Kexing vaccine in China, Covaxin vaccine and Covovax vaccine in India, and Novavax vaccine in the United States. Among them, Kexing, Sinopharm and Covaxin are inactivated vaccines, Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca are adenovirus vector vaccines, Mardner and Pfizer are mRNA vaccines, and Novavax vaccine and CoVAX are recombinant protein vaccines.

　　According to the provisional guidelines, the existing research mainly involves the influence of "mixed beating" on human immunity. It is still the current standard practice to choose the same vaccine as the first shot when inoculating the second and third shots, but with the deepening of research, WHO will re-evaluate the advantages and risks of "mixed shots". With the release of more research data, it is not excluded to adjust the "mixed play" guide.

　　Many countries approve "mixed fighting"

　　On October 20, 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration revised the authorization for emergency use of vaccines in COVID-19, allowing vaccinators to choose vaccine booster needles with different brands than those previously vaccinated. Peter Marks, director of the Center for Biological Products Evaluation and Research of the US Drug Administration, said that the decision to allow "mixed injections" to strengthen needles aims to meet the needs of the people as much as possible.

　　After studying the test results of Spanish and British mixed vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine, the Canadian National Advisory Committee on Immunization announced new regulations in June 2021, allowing mixed vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine, so as to further accelerate the vaccination progress. The first dose of AstraZeneca vaccine, the second dose can choose the same vaccine, Pfizer or Mardner vaccine.

　　South Korea, Britain and other countries have started clinical trials on sequential vaccination of COVID-19 vaccine. In May 2021, the disease control department of Korea started the clinical trial of sequential vaccination. The first batch of subjects were about 500 people who had been vaccinated with one dose of AstraZeneca vaccine, and the second dose was vaccinated with other COVID-19 vaccines such as Pfizer. The results showed that people who were inoculated with AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccine in sequence would increase the neutralizing antibody level by 6 times compared with those who were vaccinated with two doses of AstraZeneca vaccine.

　　In February, 2021, Oxford University in the United Kingdom launched a clinical trial of sequential vaccination of COVID-19 vaccine. AstraZeneca vaccine and Pfizer vaccine were mixed in the first phase clinical trial, and Mardner vaccine and Novavax vaccine were used in the second phase trial in April.

　　The results showed that the antibody level of volunteers who were vaccinated with Pfizer vaccine and then AstraZeneca vaccine was about 5 times higher than that of volunteers who were vaccinated with two doses of AstraZeneca vaccine, and the antibody level of volunteers who were vaccinated with AstraZeneca vaccine and then vaccinated with Pfizer vaccine was 9 times higher than that of those who were vaccinated with two doses of AstraZeneca vaccine. Vaccination with AstraZeneca vaccine first and then with Mardner or Novavax vaccine will produce higher antibody level than two doses of AstraZeneca vaccine.

　　According to Xinhua News Agency